BACKGROUND: In East Africa, Phlebotomus orientalis serves as the main vector of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Phlebotomus orientalis is present at two distant localities in Ethiopia; Addis Zemen where VL is endemic and Melka Werer where transmission of VL does not occur. To find out whether the difference in epidemiology of VL is due to distant compositions of P. orientalis saliva we established colonies from Addis Zemen and Melka Werer, analyzed and compared the transcriptomes, proteomes and enzymatic activity of the salivary glands. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Two cDNA libraries were constructed from the female salivary glands of P. orientalis from Addis Zemen and Melka Werer. Clones of each P. orientalis library were randomly selected, sequenced and analyzed. In P. orientalis transcriptomes, we identified members of 13 main protein families. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignments were performed to evaluate differences between the P. orientalis colonies and to show the relationship with other sand fly species from the subgenus Larroussius. To further compare both colonies, we investigated the humoral antigenicity and cross-reactivity of the salivary proteins and the activity of salivary apyrase and hyaluronidase. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of the salivary components of P. orientalis, an important vector sand fly. Our study expanded the knowledge of salivary gland compounds of sand fly species in the subgenus Larroussius. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, we showed that P. orientalis is closely related to Phlebotomus tobbi and Phlebotomus perniciosus, whereas Phlebotomus ariasi is evolutionarily more distinct species. We also demonstrated that there is no significant difference between the transcriptomes, proteomes or enzymatic properties of the salivary components of Addis Zemen (endemic area) and Melka Werer (non-endemic area) P. orientalis colonies. Thus, the different epidemiology of VL in these Ethiopian foci cannot be attributed to the salivary gland composition.

Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Department of Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Department of Parasitology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Parasitology The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Hadassah Medical School The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel

Genomics Unit Research Technologies Section Rocky Mountain Laboratories Hamilton Montana United States of America

Vector Biology Section Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Rockville Maryland United States of America

Vector Molecular Biology Section Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Rockville Maryland United States of America

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Insights into the sand fly saliva: Blood-feeding and immune interactions between sand flies, hosts, and Leishmania

The Diversity of Yellow-Related Proteins in Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Recombinant Salivary Proteins of Phlebotomus orientalis are Suitable Antigens to Measure Exposure of Domestic Animals to Sand Fly Bites

Hyaluronidase Activity in Saliva of European Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

De novo assembly and sex-specific transcriptome profiling in the sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera, Phlebotominae), a major Old World vector of Leishmania infantum