The early stage of Leishmania development in sand flies is closely connected with bloodmeal digestion. Here we compared various parameters of bloodmeal digestion in sand flies that are either susceptible (Phlebotomus argentipes and P. orientalis) or refractory (P. papatasi and Sergentomyia schwetzi) to Leishmania donovani, to study the effects on vector competence. The volume of the bloodmeal ingested, time of defecation of bloodmeal remnants, timing of formation and degradation of the peritrophic matrix (PM) and dynamics of proteolytic activities were compared in four sand fly species. Both proven vectors of L. donovani showed lower trypsin activity and slower PM formation than refractory species. Interestingly, the two natural L. donovani vectors strikingly differed from each other in secretion of the PM and midgut proteases, with P. argentipes possessing fast bloodmeal digestion with a very high peak of chymotrypsin activity and rapid degradation of the PM. Experimental infections of P. argentipes did not reveal any differences in vector competence in comparison with previously studied P. orientalis; even the very low initial dose (2×103 promastigotes/ml) led to fully developed late-stage infections with colonization of the stomodeal valve in about 40% of females. We hypothesise that the period between the breakdown of the PM and defecation of the bloodmeal remnants, i.e. the time frame when Leishmania attach to the midgut in order to prevent defecation, could be one of crucial parameters responsible for the establishment of Leishmania in the sand fly midgut. In both natural L. donovani vectors this period was significantly longer than in S. schwetzi. Both vectors are equally susceptible to L. donovani; as average bloodmeal volumes taken by females of P. argentipes and P. orientalis were 0.63 μl and 0.59 μl, respectively, an infective dose corresponding to 1-2 parasites was enough to initiate mature infections.
- MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- hmyz - vektory imunologie metabolismus parazitologie fyziologie MeSH
- krev metabolismus MeSH
- Leishmania donovani růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- leishmanióza viscerální imunologie MeSH
- membrány parazitologie MeSH
- náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
- přijímání potravy * MeSH
- proteolýza MeSH
- Psychodidae imunologie metabolismus parazitologie fyziologie MeSH
- trávení * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
BACKGROUND: In East Africa, Phlebotomus orientalis serves as the main vector of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Phlebotomus orientalis is present at two distant localities in Ethiopia; Addis Zemen where VL is endemic and Melka Werer where transmission of VL does not occur. To find out whether the difference in epidemiology of VL is due to distant compositions of P. orientalis saliva we established colonies from Addis Zemen and Melka Werer, analyzed and compared the transcriptomes, proteomes and enzymatic activity of the salivary glands. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Two cDNA libraries were constructed from the female salivary glands of P. orientalis from Addis Zemen and Melka Werer. Clones of each P. orientalis library were randomly selected, sequenced and analyzed. In P. orientalis transcriptomes, we identified members of 13 main protein families. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignments were performed to evaluate differences between the P. orientalis colonies and to show the relationship with other sand fly species from the subgenus Larroussius. To further compare both colonies, we investigated the humoral antigenicity and cross-reactivity of the salivary proteins and the activity of salivary apyrase and hyaluronidase. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of the salivary components of P. orientalis, an important vector sand fly. Our study expanded the knowledge of salivary gland compounds of sand fly species in the subgenus Larroussius. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, we showed that P. orientalis is closely related to Phlebotomus tobbi and Phlebotomus perniciosus, whereas Phlebotomus ariasi is evolutionarily more distinct species. We also demonstrated that there is no significant difference between the transcriptomes, proteomes or enzymatic properties of the salivary components of Addis Zemen (endemic area) and Melka Werer (non-endemic area) P. orientalis colonies. Thus, the different epidemiology of VL in these Ethiopian foci cannot be attributed to the salivary gland composition.
- MeSH
- enzymy chemie klasifikace genetika MeSH
- hmyz - vektory genetika MeSH
- leishmanióza viscerální imunologie MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
- myši MeSH
- Phlebotomus genetika MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- sekvenční seřazení MeSH
- slinné proteiny a peptidy chemie klasifikace genetika imunologie MeSH
- slinné žlázy chemie enzymologie MeSH
- transkriptom genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Etiopie MeSH
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by parasitic flagellates of the genus Leishmania. The authors present a case of 44-year-old man with Crohn's disease treated successfully with infliximab. This case report shows rare visceral leishmaniasis with cutaneous symptoms in an immunocompromised patient. Skin manifestations may occur before or after the visceral infection and they are often diverse.
- MeSH
- antiflogistika škodlivé účinky MeSH
- antiprotozoální látky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Crohnova nemoc diagnóza farmakoterapie imunologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fatální výsledek MeSH
- gastrointestinální látky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- hostitel s imunodeficiencí MeSH
- leishmanióza kožní chemicky indukované diagnóza farmakoterapie imunologie parazitologie MeSH
- leishmanióza viscerální chemicky indukované diagnóza farmakoterapie imunologie parazitologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- meglumin škodlivé účinky MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- organokovové sloučeniny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- srdeční arytmie chemicky indukované MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Jsou popsány dva případy importované viscerální leishmaniózy u občanů České republiky. Prvním nemocným byl 32letý dosud zdravý muž, který se nakazil během dovolené v Itálii (Bibione) pět měsíců před vznikem nemoci. Druhý byl 62letý muž, u něhož nemoc propukla 18 měsíců po pobytu v Chorvatsku (Makarska) v návaznosti na chemoterapii podanou pro metastazující tumor varlete. Oba pacienti byli úspěšně vyléčeni amfotericinem vázaným na fosfolipidový nosič (Abelcet). V článku jsou diskutovány obtíže při stanovení správné diagnózy u tohoto parazitárního onemocnění.
Two cases of imported visceral leishmaniasis are described. The first patient was a 32-year-old Czech man who developed leishmaniasis 5 months after a holiday in Italy (Bibione). The second patient was a 62-year-old Czech man who developed leishmaniasis 18 months after visiting Croatia (Makarska); the disease began after a course of chemotherapy due to metastasizing testicular tumor. Both patients were successfully treated with amphotericin B lipid complex (Abelcet). Difficulties in establishing the correct diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis are discussed.
- Klíčová slova
- amfotericin B. Abelcet,
- MeSH
- cestování MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hostitel s imunodeficiencí MeSH
- importované infekce MeSH
- leishmanióza viscerální diagnóza farmakoterapie imunologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
