Quaternary climatic oscillations profoundly impacted temperate biodiversity. For many diverse yet undersampled areas, however, the consequences of this impact are still poorly known. In Europe, particular uncertainty surrounds the role of Balkans, a major hotspot of European diversity, in postglacial recolonization of more northerly areas, and the Carpathians, a debatable candidate for a northern 'cryptic' glacial refugium. Using genome-wide SNPs and microsatellites, we examined how the interplay of historical processes and niche shifts structured genetic diversity of diploid Arabidopsis arenosa, a little-known member of the plant model genus that occupies a wide niche range from sea level to alpine peaks across eastern temperate Europe. While the northern Balkans hosted one isolated endemic lineage, most of the genetic diversity was concentrated further north in the Pannonian Basin and the Carpathians, where it likely survived the last glaciation in northern refugia. Finally, a distinct postglacial environment in northern Europe was colonized by populations of admixed origin from the two Carpathian lineages. Niche differentiation along altitude-related bioclimatic gradients was the main trend in the phylogeny of A. arenosa. The most prominent niche shifts, however, characterized genetically only slightly divergent populations that expanded into narrowly defined alpine and northern coastal postglacial environments. Our study highlights the role of eastern central European mountains not only as refugia for unique temperate diversity but also sources for postglacial expansion into novel high-altitude and high-latitude niches. Knowledge of distinct genetic substructure of diploid A. arenosa also opens new opportunities for follow-up studies of this emerging model of evolutionary biology.

Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University Kyoto JP 520 2113 Japan

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Prague CZ 128 01 Czech Republic

Faculty of Agriculture Ryukoku University Shiga JP 612 8577 Japan

Institute of Botany Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava SK 845 23 Slovak Republic

Institute of Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice CZ 252 43 Czech Republic

Institute of Botany University of Innsbruck Innsbruck AT 6020 Austria

JST PRESTO Saitama JP 332 0012 Japan

Natural History Museum University of Oslo PO Box 1172 Blindern Oslo NO 0318 Norway

Citace poskytuje Crossref.org

Polyploids broadly generate novel haplotypes from trans-specific variation in Arabidopsis arenosa and Arabidopsis lyrata

Deleterious phenotypes in wild Arabidopsis arenosa populations are common and linked to runs of homozygosity

Historical biogeography and local adaptation explain population genetic structure in a widespread terrestrial orchid

Parallel Differentiation and Plastic Adjustment of Leaf Anatomy in Alpine Arabidopsis arenosa Ecotypes

Repeated colonization of alpine habitats by Arabidopsis arenosa viewed through freezing resistance and ice management strategies

Tempo and drivers of plant diversification in the European mountain system

Stability in the South, Turbulence Toward the North: Evolutionary History of Aurinia saxatilis (Brassicaceae) Revealed by Phylogenomic and Climatic Modelling Data

Novelty and Convergence in Adaptation to Whole Genome Duplication

Genomic basis of parallel adaptation varies with divergence in Arabidopsis and its relatives

De Novo Mutation and Rapid Protein (Co-)evolution during Meiotic Adaptation in Arabidopsis arenosa

So Closely Related and Yet So Different: Strong Contrasts Between the Evolutionary Histories of Species of the Cardamine pratensis Polyploid Complex in Central Europe

Parallel Alpine Differentiation in Arabidopsis arenosa

Interspecific introgression mediates adaptation to whole genome duplication

Role of ploidy in colonization of alpine habitats in natural populations of Arabidopsis arenosa

Parallel colonization of subalpine habitats in the central European mountains by Primula elatior

On the origins of Balkan endemics: the complex evolutionary history of the Cyanus napulifer group (Asteraceae)