With the advent of human civilization and anthropogenic activities in the shade of urbanization and global climate change, plants are exposed to a complex set of abiotic stresses. These stresses affect plants' growth, development, and yield and cause enormous crop losses worldwide. In this alarming scenario of global climate conditions, plants respond to such stresses through a highly balanced and finely tuned interaction between signaling molecules. The abiotic stresses initiate the quick release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as toxic by-products of altered aerobic metabolism during different stress conditions at the cellular level. ROS includes both free oxygen radicals {superoxide (O2•-) and hydroxyl (OH-)} as well as non-radicals [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and singlet oxygen (1O2)]. ROS can be generated and scavenged in different cell organelles and cytoplasm depending on the type of stimulus. At high concentrations, ROS cause lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, protein oxidation, and necrosis, but at low to moderate concentrations, they play a crucial role as secondary messengers in intracellular signaling cascades. Because of their concentration-dependent dual role, a huge number of molecules tightly control the level of ROS in cells. The plants have evolved antioxidants and scavenging machinery equipped with different enzymes to maintain the equilibrium between the production and detoxification of ROS generated during stress. In this present article, we have focused on current insights on generation and scavenging of ROS during abiotic stresses. Moreover, the article will act as a knowledge base for new and pivotal studies on ROS generation and scavenging.

Crop Improvement Group International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi 110067 India

DBC i4 Center Deshbandhu College University of Delhi Kalkaji New Delhi 110019 India

Department of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135 India

Department of Botany Hansraj College University of Delhi New Delhi 110007 India

Department of Botany Sri Venkateswara College University of Delhi Delhi 110021 India

EVA4 0 Unit Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Kamýcká 129 Suchdol 165 21 Prague Czech Republic

Excelentní Tým pro Mitigaci Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Kamýcká 129 Suchdol 165 21 Prague Czech Republic

Molecular Biology Research Lab Department of Zoology Deshbandhu College University of Delhi Kalkaji New Delhi 110019 India

School of Agricultural Sciences K R Mangalam University Sohna Rural Haryana 122103 India

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