Crop domestication is a co-evolutionary process that has rendered plants and animals significantly dependent on human interventions for survival and propagation. Grain legumes have played an important role in the development of Neolithic agriculture some 12,000 years ago. Despite being early companions of cereals in the origin and evolution of agriculture, the understanding of grain legume domestication has lagged behind that of cereals. Adapting plants for human use has resulted in distinct morpho-physiological changes between the wild ancestors and domesticates, and this distinction has been the focus of several studies aimed at understanding the domestication process and the genetic diversity bottlenecks created. Growing evidence from research on archeological remains, combined with genetic analysis and the geographical distribution of wild forms, has improved the resolution of the process of domestication, diversification and crop improvement. In this review, we summarize the significance of legume wild relatives as reservoirs of novel genetic variation for crop breeding programs. We describe key legume features, which evolved in response to anthropogenic activities. Here, we highlight how whole genome sequencing and incorporation of omics-level data have expanded our capacity to monitor the genetic changes accompanying these processes. Finally, we present our perspective on alternative routes centered on de novo domestication and re-domestication to impart significant agronomic advances of novel crops over existing commodities. A finely resolved domestication history of grain legumes will uncover future breeding targets to develop modern cultivars enriched with alleles that improve yield, quality and stress tolerance.

Crop Improvement Division ICAR Indian Institute of Pulses Research Kalyanpur Kanpur 208024 India

Department of Biotechnology Visva Bharati Santiniketan Santiniketan Road Bolpur 731235 India

Department of Botany Faculty of Sciences Palacky University Křížkovského 511 8 Olomouc 78371 Czech Republic

Department of Molecular Physiology Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Am Mühlenberg 1 Potsdam Golm 14476 Germany

Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding Faculty of Agriculture SKUAST Shalimar Srinagar 190025 India

Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology College of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China

Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology UAE University Sheik Khalifa Bin Zayed Street Al Ain Abu Dhabi 15551 UAE

State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre Centre for Crop and Food Innovation Food Futures Institute Murdoch University 90 South Street Murdoch WA 6150 Australia

UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Hwy Crawley WA 6009 Australia

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