The five Nordic countries span the most northern region for field cultivation in the world. This presents challenges per se, with short growing seasons, long days, and a need for frost tolerance. Climate change has additionally increased risks for micro-droughts and water logging, as well as pathogens and pests expanding northwards. Thus, Nordic agriculture demands crops that are adapted to the specific Nordic growth conditions and future climate scenarios. A focus on crop varieties and traits important to Nordic agriculture, including the unique resource of nutritious wild crops, can meet these needs. In fact, with a future longer growing season due to climate change, the region could contribute proportionally more to global agricultural production. This also applies to other northern regions, including the Arctic. To address current growth conditions, mitigate impacts of climate change, and meet market demands, the adaptive capacity of crops that both perform well in northern latitudes and are more climate resilient has to be increased, and better crop management systems need to be built. This requires functional phenomics approaches that integrate versatile high-throughput phenotyping, physiology, and bioinformatics. This review stresses key target traits, the opportunities of latitudinal studies, and infrastructure needs for phenotyping to support Nordic agriculture.

Climate laboratory Holt Department of Arctic and Marine Biology UiT the Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway

Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czechia

Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Denmark

Department of Plant Breeding Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Lomma Sweden

Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Lomma Sweden

National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure HiLIFE University of Helsinki Finland

NIBIO Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research Ås Norway

Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program Viikki Plant Science Centre Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Finland

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