INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the evaluation of potential events related to olfactory events (OERPs) and trigeminal events (TERPs) has become increasingly important in the diagnosis of olfactory disorders. This technique is increasingly used in basic research and clinical practice to evaluate people suffering from olfactory disorders. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: In a pilot project of the first investigations of OERPs and TERPs in the Czech Republic, we analyse the event-related potentials of the data of normosmic participants. METHODS: In the prospective study, 21 normosmic participants were enrolled for a 2-year period (5/2021-5/2023). OERPs/TERPs were recorded at the scalp vertex (electrode Pz/Cz). Odourants 2-phenylethanol/CO2 were used to selectively activate Nervus olfactorius/ Nervus trigeminus. Brain responses to olfactory/trigeminal stimuli (EEG) were recorded in 21/18 normosmic subjects. RESULTS: In the statistical analysis of the olfactory interval N1-P2 (age, gender), we found no statistically significant differences. In the statistical analysis of the trigeminal interval N1-P2 (age, gender) we found statistically significant differences in amplitude by gender (male amplitudes were higher than female amplitudes, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Our pilot data can function very well as an internal guide for ongoing and future olfactory research studies. Evaluation of the presence of OERPs appears to be an important parameter for the evaluation of olfactory disorders. The absence of OERPs is a strong indicator of the presence of olfactory dysfunction.

Charles University 1st Faculty of Medicine Prague Czech Republic

Charles University 3rd Faculty of Medicine Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Microbiology of the CAS v v i Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Prague Czech Republic

Klinik fur Innere Medizin Elblandklinikum Radebeul Germany

Maute HNO Praxis Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm Germany

Military University Hospital Prague Department of Neurology Prague Czech Republic

Military University Hospital Prague Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery Prague Czech Republic

University Hospital in Motol Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Prague Czech Republic

University of Ostrava Faculty of Medicine Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology Ostrava Vitkovice Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Arpaia P, Cataldo A, Criscuolo S, De Benedetto E, Masciullo A, Schiavoni R (2022). Assessment and Scientific Progresses in the Analysis of Olfactory Evoked Potentials. Bioengineering (Basel). 9(6): 252. DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9060252. PubMed DOI

Biswas K, Ramakrishnan VR, Hollemann E, Lorenz K, Wagner Mackenzie B, Frank DN, et al. (2023). Bacterial communities in the nasal passage of postviral olfactory dysfunction patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 13(10): 1962-1965. DOI: 10.1002/alr.23149. PubMed DOI

Červený K, Janoušková K, Vaněčková K, Zavázalová Š, Funda D, Astl J, Holy R (2022). Olfactory Evaluation in Clinical Medical Practice. J Clin Med 11(22): 6628. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226628. PubMed DOI

Guo Y, Wu D, Sun Z, Yao L, Liu J, Wei Y (2021). Prognostic value of olfactory evoked potentials in patients with post-infectious olfactory dysfunction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 278(10): 3839-3846. DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06683-y. PubMed DOI

Huart C, Legrain V, Hummel T, Rombaux P, Mouraux A (2012). Time-frequency analysis of chemosensory event-related potentials to characterize the cortical representation of odors in humans. PLoS One 7(3): e33221. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033221. PubMed DOI

Hummel T, Liu DT, Müller CA, Stuck BA, Welge-Lüssen A, Hähner A (2023). Olfactory Dysfunction: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int 120(9): 146-154. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0411. PubMed DOI

Kobal G, Hummel T (1994). Olfactory (chemosensory) event-related potentials. Toxicol Ind Health 10(4-5): 587-596. DOI

Kovář D, Holý R, Voldřich Z, Fundová P, Astl J (2017). The Contribution of CT Navigation in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: An Evaluation of Patient Postoperative Quality of Life and Olfaction Function Results. Otorinolaryngol Foniatr 66(4): 205-209.

Lapid H, Hummel T (2013). Recording odor-evoked response potentials at the human olfactory epithelium. Chem Senses 38(1): 3-17. DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjs073. PubMed DOI

Liu J, Ni D, Zhang Q (2008). [Characteristics of olfactory event-related potentials in young adults with normal smell]. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 22(8): 352-355 (Chinese).

Lötsch J, Hummel T (2006). The clinical significance of electrophysiological measures of olfactory function. Behav Brain Res 170(1): 78-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.02.013. PubMed DOI

Majovsky M, Astl J, Kovar D, Masopust V, Benes V, Netuka D (2019). Olfactory function in patients after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas - a short review. Neurosurg Rev 42(2): 395-401. DOI: 10.1007/s10143-018-1034-1. PubMed DOI

Manescu S, Chouinard-Leclaire C, Collignon O, Lepore F, Frasnelli J (2021). Enhanced Odourant Localization Abilities in Congenitally Blind but not in Late-Blind Individuals. Chem Senses 46: bjaa073. DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa073. PubMed DOI

Martinec Nováková L, Štěpánková H, Vodička J, Havlíček J (2015). Contribution of Olfactory Tests to Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cesk Slov Neurol N 78/111(5): 517-525.

Murphy C, Morgan CD, Geisler MW, Wetter S, Covington JW, Madowitz MD, et al. (2000). Olfactory event-related potentials and aging: normative data. Int J Psychophysiol 36(2): 133-145. DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(99)00107-5. PubMed DOI

Netuka D, Masopust V, Fundová P, Astl J, Školoudík D, Májovský M, Beneš V (2019). Olfactory Results of Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Pituitary Adenoma: A Prospective Study of 143 Patients. World Neurosurg 129: e907-e914. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.05.061. PubMed DOI

Pastorkova N, Janouskova K, Vasina L, Schulz H, Astl J, Holy R (2023). Postcovid Guillain-Barré syndrome with severe course - case series two patients including clinical evaluation of smell and examination of olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs). Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 27. DOI: 10.5507/bp.2023.014. PubMed DOI

Rombaux P, Collet S, Martinage S, Eloy P, Bertrand B, Negoias S, Hummel T (2009). Olfactory testing in clinical practice. B-ENT 5 Suppl. 13: 39-51.

Rombaux P, Mouraux A, Bertrand B, Guerit JM, Hummel T (2006a). Assessment of olfactory and trigeminal function using chemosensory event-related potentials. Neurophysiol Clin 36(2): 53-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2006.03.005. PubMed DOI

Rombaux P, Weitz H, Mouraux A, Nicolas G, Bertrand B, Duprez T, Hummel T (2006b). Olfactory function assessed with orthonasal and retronasal testing, olfactory bulb volume, and chemosensory event-related potentials. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132(12): 1346-1351. DOI: 10.1001/archotol.132.12.1346. PubMed DOI

Stuck BA, Frey S, Freiburg C, Hörmann K, Zahnert T, Hummel T (2006). Chemosensory event-related potentials in relation to side of stimulation, age, sex, and stimulus concentration. Clin Neurophysiol 117(6): 1367-1375. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.03.004. PubMed DOI

Vodicka J, Pellant A, Chrobok V (2007). Screening of olfactory function using odourized markers. Rhinology 45(2): 164-168.

The importance of olfactory and trigeminal event-related potentials (OERPs/TERPs) in the assessment of olfactory function in subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis

Olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) and trigeminal event-related potentials (TERPs) in subjects after Covid-19 infection: single-center prospective study