Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relies on appropriate contrast agents, especially for visualizing transplanted cells within host tissue. In recent years, compounds containing fluorine-19 have gained significant attention as MRI probe, particularly in dual 1H/19F-MR imaging. However, various factors affecting probe sensitivity, such as fluorine content and the equivalency of fluorine atoms, must be considered. In this study, we synthesized fluorinated micelles with adjustable surface positive charge density and investigated their physicochemical properties and MRI efficacy in phantoms and labeled cells. While the micelles exhibited clear signals in 19F-MR spectra and imaging, the concentrations required for MRI visualization of labeled cells were relatively high, adversely affecting cell viability. Despite their favourable physicochemical properties, achieving higher labeling rates without compromising cell viability during labeling remains a challenge for potential in vivo applications.

3rd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Ruská 87 Prague 100 00 Czech Republic

Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Hlavova 8 Prague 128 00 Czech Republic

Faculty of Health Studies Technical University of Liberec Studentská 1402 2 Liberec 461 17 Czech Republic

Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Vídeňská 1958 9 Prague 140 21 Czech Republic

Institute of Biophysics and Informatics 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Kateřinská 1660 32 Prague 121 08 Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Toso, C. et al. Clinical magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic islet grafts after iron nanoparticle labeling. PubMed DOI

Saudek, F. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic islets transplanted into the liver in humans. PubMed DOI

Jirak, D. et al. MRI of transplanted pancreatic islets. PubMed DOI

Bulte, J. W. In vivo MRI cell tracking: clinical studies. PubMed DOI PMC

Deligianni, X. et al. In vivo visualization of cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxides by a sub-millisecond gradient echo sequence. PubMed DOI

Shapoval, O. et al. Multimodal fluorescently labeled polymer-coated GdF(3) nanoparticles inhibit degranulation in mast cells. PubMed DOI

Srivastava, A. K. et al. Advances in using MRI probes and sensors for in vivo cell tracking as applied to regenerative medicine. PubMed DOI PMC

Berkova, Z. et al. Decellularized pancreatic tail as matrix for pancreatic islet transplantation into the greater omentum in rats. PubMed PMC

Berkova, Z. et al. Labeling of pancreatic islets with iron oxide nanoparticles for in vivo detection with magnetic resonance. PubMed DOI

Harizaj, A. et al. Cytosolic delivery of gadolinium via photoporation enables improved in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of cancer cells. PubMed DOI

Hoehn, M. et al. Monitoring of implanted stem cell migration in vivo: a highly resolved in vivo magnetic resonance imaging investigation of experimental stroke in rat. PubMed DOI PMC

Justicia, C., Himmelreich, U., Ramos-Cabrer, P., Sprenger, C. & Hoehn, M. In vivo tracking of endogenous stem cells by MRI after intraparenchymal injection of iron oxide nanoparticles.

Bulte, J. W. M. & Daldrup-Link, H. E. Clinical tracking of cell transfer and cell transplantation: trials and tribulations. PubMed DOI PMC

Ettlinger, R. et al. In Vitro studies of Fe3O4-ZIF‐8 core–Shell nanoparticles designed as potential theragnostics.

Thomsen, H. S. et al. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium-based contrast media: updated ESUR Contrast Medium Safety Committee guidelines. PubMed DOI

Garcia, J., Liu, S. Z. & Louie, A. Y. Biological effects of MRI contrast agents: gadolinium retention, potential mechanisms and a role for phosphorus. PubMed PMC

Ziolkowska, N., Vit, M., Laga, R. & Jirak, D. Iron-doped calcium phytate nanoparticles as a bio-responsive contrast agent in (1)H/(31)P magnetic resonance imaging. PubMed DOI PMC

Kracikova, L. et al. Phosphorus-containing polymeric zwitterion: a pioneering bioresponsive probe for (31) P-magnetic resonance imaging. PubMed DOI

Kracikova, L. et al. Phosphorus-containing polymers as sensitive biocompatible probes for (31)P magnetic resonance. PubMed PMC

Kolouchova, K. et al. Multiresponsive fluorinated polymers as a theranostic platform using 19F MRI.

Jirak, D., Galisova, A., Kolouchova, K., Babuka, D. & Hruby, M. Fluorine polymer probes for magnetic resonance imaging: quo vadis? PubMed DOI PMC

Herynek, V. et al. Low-molecular-weight paramagnetic (19)F contrast agents for fluorine magnetic resonance imaging. PubMed DOI PMC

Mali, A., Kaijzel, E. L., Lamb, H. J. & Cruz, L. J. 19)F-nanoparticles: platform for in vivo delivery of fluorinated biomaterials for (19)F-MRI. PubMed DOI

Mali, A. et al. The internal structure of gadolinium and perfluorocarbon-loaded polymer nanoparticles affects (19)F MRI relaxation times. PubMed DOI

Rho, J. et al. Paramagnetic fluorinated nanoemulsions for in vivo F-19 MRI. PubMed DOI PMC

Yue, X. et al. Novel 19F activatable probe for the detection of matrix metalloprotease-2 activity by MRI/MRS. PubMed DOI PMC

Li, D. et al. c-Met-targeting (19)F MRI nanoparticles with ultralong tumor retention for precisely detecting small or ill-defined colorectal liver metastases. PubMed DOI PMC

Boehm-Sturm, P., Mengler, L., Wecker, S., Hoehn, M. & Kallur, T. In vivo tracking of human neural stem cells with 19F magnetic resonance imaging. PubMed DOI PMC

Gonzales, C. et al. in-vivo detection and tracking of T cells in various organs in a melanoma tumor model by 19F-fluorine MRS/MRI. PubMed DOI PMC

Vit, M. et al. A broad tuneable birdcage coil for mouse (1)H/(19)F MR applications. PubMed DOI

Ahrens, E. T., Helfer, B. M., O’Hanlon, C. F. & Schirda, C. Clinical cell therapy imaging using a perfluorocarbon tracer and fluorine-19 MRI. PubMed DOI PMC

Galisova, A. et al. A trimodal imaging platform for tracking viable transplanted pancreatic islets in vivo: F-19 MR, fluorescence, and bioluminescence imaging. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhao, W., Ta, H. T., Zhang, C. & Whittaker, A. K. Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) - control over the morphology of (19)F-containing polymeric nano-objects for cell uptake and tracking. PubMed DOI

Sedlacek, O. & Hoogenboom, R. Drug delivery systems based on poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2‐oxazine)s.

Zhu, X. et al. A fluorinated ionic liquid-based activatable (19)F MRI platform detects biological targets. PubMed DOI PMC

Arango, J. M. et al. Fluorine labeling of nanoparticles and in vivo (19)F magnetic resonance imaging. PubMed DOI

Jirak, D., Svoboda, J., Filipova, M., Pop-Georgievski, O. & Sedlacek, O. Antifouling fluoropolymer-coated nanomaterials for (19)F MRI. PubMed DOI

Hingorani, D. V. et al. Cell penetrating peptide functionalized perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions for targeted cell labeling and enhanced fluorine-19 MRI detection. PubMed DOI PMC

Srinivas, M. et al. Customizable, multi-functional fluorocarbon nanoparticles for quantitative in vivo imaging using 19F MRI and optical imaging. PubMed DOI

Du, W. et al. 19F- and fluorescently labeled micelles as nanoscopic assemblies for chemotherapeutic delivery. PubMed DOI PMC

Oh, N. & Park, J. H. Endocytosis and exocytosis of nanoparticles in mammalian cells. PubMed DOI PMC

Herynek, V. et al. Pre-microporation improves outcome of pancreatic islet labelling for optical and (19)F MR imaging. PubMed DOI PMC

Tomizawa, M. et al. Gene transfer using ultrasound. PubMed DOI PMC

Shapiro, E. M., Medford-Davis, L. N., Fahmy, T. M., Dunbar, C. E. & Koretsky, A. P. Antibody-mediated cell labeling of peripheral T cells with micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs) allows single cell detection by MRI. PubMed DOI PMC

Di Gregorio, E., Ferrauto, G., Gianolio, E. & Aime, S. Gd loading by hypotonic swelling: an efficient and safe route for cellular labeling. PubMed DOI

Lorenz, M. R. et al. Uptake of functionalized, fluorescent-labeled polymeric particles in different cell lines and stem cells. PubMed DOI

Lueckerath, T. et al. DNA-polymer conjugates by photoinduced RAFT polymerization. PubMed DOI

Truong, N. P., Jia, Z., Burges, M., McMillan, N. A. & Monteiro, M. J. Self-catalyzed degradation of linear cationic poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate) in water. PubMed DOI

Bak, J. M. et al. Thermoresponsive fluorinated polyacrylamides with low cytotoxicity. DOI

Panakkal, V. M. et al. Synthesis of (19)F MRI nanotracers by dispersion polymerization-induced self-assembly of N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)acrylamide in water. PubMed DOI PMC

Lewinski, N., Colvin, V. & Drezek, R. Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. PubMed DOI

Yu, B., Zhang, Y., Zheng, W., Fan, C. & Chen, T. Positive surface charge enhances selective cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy of selenium nanoparticles. PubMed DOI

Abdelmonem, A. M. et al. Charge and agglomeration dependent in vitro uptake and cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. PubMed DOI

Schaeublin, N. M. et al. Surface charge of gold nanoparticles mediates mechanism of toxicity. PubMed DOI

Pawelczyk, E., Arbab, A. S., Pandit, S., Hu, E. & Frank, J. A. Expression of transferrin receptor and ferritin following ferumoxides-protamine sulfate labeling of cells: implications for cellular magnetic resonance imaging. PubMed DOI

Mailander, V. & Landfester, K. Interaction of nanoparticles with cells. PubMed DOI

Frohlich, E. The role of surface charge in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of medical nanoparticles. PubMed DOI PMC

Weiss, M. et al. Density of surface charge is a more predictive factor of the toxicity of cationic carbon nanoparticles than zeta potential. PubMed PMC

Mura, S. et al. Influence of surface charge on the potential toxicity of PLGA nanoparticles towards Calu-3 cells. PubMed DOI PMC

Havlicek, D., Panakkal, V. M., Voska, L., Sedlacek, O. & Jirak, D. Self-assembled fluorinated nanoparticles as sensitive and biocompatible theranostic platforms for (19) F MRI. PubMed

Galisova, A. et al. Glycogen as an advantageous polymer carrier in cancer theranostics: Straightforward in vivo evidence. PubMed DOI PMC

Keereweer, S. et al. Optical image-guided surgery–where do we stand? PubMed DOI PMC