The former monotypic genus Armillipora Quate, known only from Costa Rica and Panama, is redescribed, including the type species A. selvica Quate, this time collected on the Caribbean side of Nicaragua, RAAN department, and illustrated based on male morphological characters. The male of a new species, A. suapiensis sp. nov., from Bolivia, La Paz department, is described here and also figured.
- MeSH
- Diptera * MeSH
- Psychodidae * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Bolívie MeSH
Records of 81 Psychodidae (Sycoracinae 4 spp., Psychodinae 76 spp.) species/subspecies are presented in this paper based on specimens collected in Bulgaria. 46 species are new records for Bulgaria (Sycoracinae 3 spp., Psychodinae 43 spp.). The Psychodidae fauna of Bulgaria now comprises 99 species (Phlebotominae 5 spp., Sycoracinae 5 spp., Trichomyiinae 1 sp., and Psychodinae 88 spp.).
- MeSH
- Psychodidae * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Bulharsko MeSH
Type material of moth flies of Neoarisemus leponti sp. nov. was collected in Madagascar, Toamasina province, environments of Analamazaotra and Amboditafonana. Hemimormia nyangerensis sp. nov. and Iranotelmatoscopus kenyensis sp. nov. were captured in Equatorial Africa near Victoria Lake during a fieldwork in Uganda (Gaba) and Kenya (Kusa, Nyangera). The mentioned three species are described, differential diagnoses included, and diagnostic characters illustrated.
- MeSH
- Diptera * MeSH
- Psychodidae * MeSH
- rozšíření zvířat MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Keňa MeSH
- Madagaskar MeSH
- Uganda MeSH
Human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells are forced to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), when cultured in aglycemic conditions at galactose and glutamine. These Oxphos cells represent a prototype of cancer cell bioenergetics with mixed aerobic glycolysis and OXPHOS. We aimed to determine fractions of (i) glutaminolytic pathway involving aminotransferase reaction supplying 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) to the Krebs cycle vs. (ii) active segment of the Krebs cycle with aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase-3 (ACO-IDH3), which is typically inactive in cancer cells due to the citrate export from mitochondria. At normoxia, Oxphos cell respiration was decreased down to ~15 and ~10% by the aminotransferase inhibitor aminooxyacetate (AOA) or with AOA plus the glutamate-dehydrogenase inhibitor bithionol, respectively. Phosphorylating to non-phosphorylating respiration ratios dropped from >6.5 to 1.9 with AOA and to zero with AOA plus bithionol. Thus, normoxic Oxphos HepG2 cells rely predominantly on glutaminolysis. Addition of membrane-permeant dimethyl-2-oxoglutarate (dm2OG) to inhibited cells instantly partially restored respiration, evidencing the lack of 2OG-dehydrogenase substrate upon aminotransferase inhibition. Surprisingly, after 72 hr of 5% O2 hypoxia, the AOA (bithionol) inhibition ceased and respiration was completely restored. Thus in aglycemic HepG2 cells, the hypoxia-induced factor (HIF) upregulation of glycolytic enzymes enabled acceleration of glycolysis pathway, preceded by galactolysis (Leloir pathway), redirecting pyruvate via still incompletely blocked pyruvate dehydrogenase toward the ACO-IDH3. Glycolytic flux upregulation at hypoxia was evidently matched by a higher activity of the Leloir pathway in Oxphos cells. Hypoxic Oxphos cells increased 2-fold the NADPH oxidase activity, whereas hypoxic glycolytic cells decreased it. Oxphos cells and glycolytic cells at 5 mM glucose decreased their reduced glutathione fraction. In contrast to aglycemic cells, glycolytic HepG2 cells decreased their respiration at hypoxia despite the dm2OG presence, i.e., even at unlimited respiratory substrate availability for 72 hr at 5% O2, exhibiting the canonical HIF-mediated adaptation. Nevertheless, their ATP content was much higher with dm2OG as compared to its absence during hypoxic adaptation. Thus, the metabolic plasticity of cancer cells is illustrated under conditions frequently established for solid tumors in vivo, such as aglycemia plus hypoxia. Consequently, a wide acceptance of the irreversible and exclusive Warburg phenotype in cancer cells is incorrect.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Males of two Bruchomyiinae species were collected during fieldwork in Central and South America. Boreofairchildia belti Ježek, Oboňa Le Pont sp. nov. and Notofairchildia motacuensis Ježek, Oboňa Le Pont sp. nov. are described from a rain forerst site in Nicaragua and a rocky ridge site in Bolivia, respectively. Differential diagnoses are included, and important diagnostic characters illustrated.
- MeSH
- Psychodidae * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Bolívie MeSH
- Jižní Amerika MeSH
- Nikaragua MeSH
Previously suggested antioxidant mechanisms for mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone SkQ1 included: i) ion-pairing of cationic SkQ1+ with free fatty acid anions resulting in uncoupling; ii) SkQ1H2 ability to interact with lipoperoxyl radical; iii) interference with electron flow at the inner ubiquinone (Q) binding site of Complex III (Qi), involving the reduction of SkQ1 to SkQ1H2 by ubiquinol. We elucidated SkQ1 antioxidant properties by confocal fluorescence semi-quantification of mitochondrial superoxide (Jm) and cytosolic H2O2 (Jc) release rates in HepG2 cells. Only in glycolytic cells, SkQ1 prevented the rotenone-induced enhancement of Jm and Jc but not basal releases without rotenone. The effect ceased in glutaminolytic aglycemic cells, in which the redox parameter NAD(P)H/FAD increased after rotenone in contrast to its decrease in glycolytic cells. Autofluorescence decay indicated decreased NADPH/NADH ratios with rotenone in both metabolic modes. SkQ1 did not increase cell respiration and diminished Jm established high by antimycin or myxothiazol but not by stigmatellin. The revealed SkQ1 antioxidant modes reflect its reduction to SkQ1H2 at Complex I IQ or Complex III Qi site. Both reductions diminish electron diversions to oxygen thus attenuating superoxide formation. Resulting SkQ1H2 oxidizes back to SkQ1at the second (flavin) Complex I site, previously indicated for MitoQ10. Regeneration proceeds only at lower NAD(P)H/FAD in glycolytic cells. In contrast, cyclic SkQ1 reduction/SkQ1H2 oxidation does not substantiate antioxidant activity in intact cells in the absence of oxidative stress (neither pro-oxidant activity, representing a great advantage). A targeted delivery to oxidative-stressed tissues is suggested for the effective antioxidant therapy based on SkQ1.
- MeSH
- antimycin A analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- antioxidancia farmakologie MeSH
- buňky Hep G2 MeSH
- flavinadenindinukleotid metabolismus MeSH
- glykolýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methakryláty farmakologie MeSH
- mitochondrie účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- NAD metabolismus MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- oxidační stres MeSH
- oxidativní fosforylace * MeSH
- plastochinon analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- polyeny farmakologie MeSH
- respirační komplex I metabolismus MeSH
- respirační komplex III metabolismus MeSH
- rotenon farmakologie MeSH
- superoxidy metabolismus MeSH
- thiazoly farmakologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Two new species of moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae) are described and illustrated on the basis of male morphological characters. Neoarisemus nyahururuensis sp. nov. was collected in the vicinity of Thomson's Falls (Nyahururu) in Kenya and Tonnoiriella veronikae sp. nov. in Toamasina province, Madagascar, Analamazaotra 1.4 km SSW Andasibe vill. (Périnet).
- MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- Psychodidae anatomie a histologie klasifikace fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Keňa MeSH
- Madagaskar MeSH
Two new species of Sycorax Haliday in Curtis, 1839 are described from Ulu Temburong National Park in Brunei Darussalam: Sycorax konopiki sp. nov. and S. tomkineana sp. nov. Both species were found resting on two frog species: Ansonia leptopus (Günther, 1872) and A. longidigita Inger, 1960. Differential diagnoses for males are included and morphological characters illustrated. Possible host associations of the new species are briefly discussed. DNA barcode sequence (COI) for Sycorax konopiki sp. nov. is also provided.
- MeSH
- anatomické struktury zvířat anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- Psychodidae anatomie a histologie klasifikace genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- rozšíření zvířat MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- velikost těla MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
AIMS: Pancreatic β-cell chronic lipotoxicity evolves from acute free fatty acid (FA)-mediated oxidative stress, unprotected by antioxidant mechanisms. Since mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) plays antioxidant and insulin-regulating roles in pancreatic β-cells, we tested our hypothesis, that UCP2-mediated uncoupling attenuating mitochondrial superoxide production is initiated by FA release due to a direct H2O2-induced activation of mitochondrial phospholipase iPLA2γ. RESULTS: Pro-oxidant tert-butylhydroperoxide increased respiration, decreased membrane potential and mitochondrial matrix superoxide release rates of control but not UCP2- or iPLA2γ-silenced INS-1E cells. iPLA2γ/UCP2-mediated uncoupling was alternatively activated by an H2O2 burst, resulting from palmitic acid (PA) β-oxidation, and it was prevented by antioxidants or catalase overexpression. Exclusively, nascent FAs that cleaved off phospholipids by iPLA2γ were capable of activating UCP2, indicating that the previously reported direct redox UCP2 activation is actually indirect. Glucose-stimulated insulin release was not affected by UCP2 or iPLA2γ silencing, unless pro-oxidant activation had taken place. PA augmented insulin secretion via G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), stimulated by iPLA2γ-cleaved FAs (absent after GPR40 silencing). INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION: The iPLA2γ/UCP2 synergy provides a feedback antioxidant mechanism preventing oxidative stress by physiological FA intake in pancreatic β-cells, regulating glucose-, FA-, and redox-stimulated insulin secretion. iPLA2γ is regulated by exogenous FA via β-oxidation causing H2O2 signaling, while FAs are cleaved off phospholipids, subsequently acting as amplifying messengers for GPR40. Hence, iPLA2γ acts in eminent physiological redox signaling, the impairment of which results in the lack of antilipotoxic defense and contributes to chronic lipotoxicity.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia farmakologie MeSH
- beta-buňky účinky léků MeSH
- fosfolipasy A2, skupina II metabolismus MeSH
- inzulin sekrece MeSH
- iontové kanály metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lipidy toxicita MeSH
- membránový potenciál mitochondrií účinky léků MeSH
- mitochondriální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- mitochondrie účinky léků MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- peroxid vodíku metabolismus MeSH
- receptory spřažené s G-proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků MeSH
- superoxidy metabolismus MeSH
- terc-butylhydroperoxid farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
