The main source of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, but also drugs, viruses and pathogens are usually waste waters. Waste water treatment plants (WWTP) have a limited ability to remove these substances, which consequently leads to their appearance in the environment. This review describes the reasons of WWTP's limited effectiveness, behaviour of pharmaceuticals and drugs in WWTP and also summarizes alternative biological, chemical and physico-chemical procedures and their modifications, able to effectively clean and disinfect waste waters. The paper also focuses on the virus issues which often occur in waste water, and describes how to eliminate them. Within the scientific community, the SARS-CoV-2 virus is currently being intensively studied due to the ongoing pandemic but the behaviour of the viruses and their inactivation in waste waters is still examined inadequately.
The presence of pharmaceuticals, drugs and their metabolites in the environment grows and represents an actual environmental problem, there is an increasing trend to involve new environmental technologies. We can therefore observe an increasing trend to involve new environmental technologies. Membrane technologies, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and their various modifications are the most frequently studied advanced technologies. There is also an effort to develop new types of drugs that are biodegradable in sewage disposal plants. The adverse effects of drugs in the environment are already reflected in the European Union legislation. Active substances, such as diclofenac, 17-α-ethinylestradiol and 17-β-estradiol, estrone, erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin, are included in the list of followed compounds in the water management monitoring. This screening was set up by the European Commission in 2015 to monitor and evaluate the risks posed by these compounds.
The current research confirmed the presence of mi-croplastics in the environment and also in living organ-isms. Collection, separation and identification of micro-plastics from environment are very desirable activities, important for monitoring these undesirable materials. In order to determine the real risk brought about by plastic fragments, it is necessary to implement a standard protocol for their sampling, quantification and identification. In this study, analytical techniques, such as SEM, py-GC-MS, FTIR, NMR and Raman spectroscopy, often used for the identification of microplastics, are discussed, together with novel methods used to identify the pollutants adsorbed on them, e.g., pharmaceuticals and metals.
This review deals with two overlapping issues, namely polymer chemistry and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). With regard to polymers, specific aspects of synthetic polymers, polymerization processes producing such polymers, and natural cellulose-based nanopolymers are evaluated. As for DESs, their compliance with green chemistry requirements, their basic properties and involvement in polymer chemistry are discussed. In addition to reviewing the state-of-the-art for selected kinds of polymers, the paper reveals further possibilities in the employment of DESs in polymer chemistry. As an example, the significance of DES polarity and polymer polarity to control polymerization processes, modify polymer properties, and synthesize polymers with a specific structure and behavior, is emphasized.
Various types of micropollutants, e.g., pharmaceuticals and their metabolites and resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms, are usually found in hospital wastewaters. The aim of this paper was to study the presence of 74 frequently used pharmaceuticals, legal and illegal drugs, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in 5 hospital wastewaters in Slovakia and Czechia and to compare the efficiency of several advanced oxidations processes (AOPs) for sanitation and treatment of such highly polluted wastewaters. The occurrence of micropollutants and antibiotic-resistant bacteria was investigated by in-line SPE-LC-MS/MS technique and cultivation on antibiotic and antibiotic-free selective diagnostic media, respectively. The highest maximum concentrations were found for cotinine (6700 ng/L), bisoprolol (5200 ng/L), metoprolol (2600 ng/L), tramadol (2400 ng/L), sulfamethoxazole (1500 ng/L), and ranitidine (1400 ng/L). In the second part of the study, different advanced oxidation processes, modified Fenton reaction, ferrate(VI), and oxidation by boron-doped diamond electrode were tested in order to eliminate the abovementioned pollutants. Obtained results indicate that the modified Fenton reaction and application of boron-doped diamond electrode were able to eliminate almost the whole spectrum of selected micropollutants with efficiency higher than 90%. All studied methods achieved complete removal of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria present in hospital wastewaters.
- MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- bor MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- diamant MeSH
- elektrody MeSH
- léčivé přípravky analýza MeSH
- nemocnice MeSH
- odpad tekutý - odstraňování přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- odpadní voda analýza chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- peroxid vodíku chemie MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- zakázané drogy analýza MeSH
- zdravotnický odpad MeSH
- železo chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
