The changes in people's mental health have become one of the hot topics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parents have been said to be among the most vulnerable groups in terms of the imposed anti-pandemic measures. The present paper analyzes the trends in mental health indicators in a sample of Slovak parents (N = 363) who participated in four waves of data collection over a year and a half of the COVID-19 pandemic. The mental health indicators were represented by general levels of depression and anxiety as well as COVID-related stress and anxiety. While there were only minor changes in depression and anxiety, the dynamic in COVID-related stress and especially anxiety was more noteworthy. Besides some exceptions, the results hold even after controlling for the socioeconomic situation. The gender differences in the mental health trends were found to be negligible. Overall, we observed no substantial deterioration in the mental health indicators across the four waves of the study.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements.
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 12 May 2020. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4878591.v1.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 psychologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emoce * MeSH
- emoční regulace * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Cieľom tejto teoretickej práce je poskytnúť prehľad dôsledkov pandémie Covid-19 pre psychické zdravie obyvateľov a prehľad stratégií s potenciálom podporiť ho. Podľa analyzovaných prác je s pandémiou spojená najmä depresia, úzkosť, stres, posttraumatická stresová porucha, insomnia, hnev a strach. K navrhovaným psychologickým a spoločenským intervenciám patria: poskytovanie aktuálnych a pravdivých informácií, vyvracanie dezinformácií, zabezpečenie ochranných pomôcok a opatrení, finančná podpora, online psychologické poradenstvo a psychoterapia, emocionálna opora, odklonenie pozornosti od pandémie (hobby, školské povinnosti) a propagácia prosociálneho správania. V ďalších výskumoch je vhodné venovať viac priestoru zraniteľným skupinám obyvateľstva, zjednotiť metódy výskumu na národnej úrovni a kooperovať pri overovaní účinnosti intervencií na medzinárodnej úrovni.
The Covid-19 pandemic not only endangers the physical health of infected people but also, through its accompanying phenomena, endangers the mental health of the uninfected, especially by quarantine (social isolation, disruption of the daily routine, economic problems, work restrictions), by health concerns and the spread of misinformation. This theoretical work aims to provide an overview of the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic for the mental health of the general population and an overview of research-proven or proposed strategies, which can support mental health during a pandemic. The results of the analyzed works are two tabular reports. The first is the examined consequences of a pandemic for mental health, including their factors and types of vulnerable groups, which included depression, anxiety, stress, post -traumatic stress disorder, insomnia, anger, and fear. The second presents proposed psychological and social interventions to mitigate the negative consequences for mental health. Interventions and protective factors protecting against the negative impact of a coronavirus pandemic on mental health can be divided into four groups: 1. Recommendations for the government and health professionals in a particular country – these include, in particular, the provision of up -to -date, truthful, and accurate information, refutation of disinformation, provision of protective equipment, financial support for pandemic-affected people, and promotion of prosocial behavior. 2. The second recommendation concerns psychologists who should use modern technologies for psychotherapy and try to help as many vulnerable people as possible by telephone and online counseling, crisis hotlines, and chats so that they will also be able to prevent an increase in suicides. There is a particular need for assistance to victims of domestic violence and prevention programs for pupils aged 14–18. 3. The population members themselves provide the third group of protective factors and interventions, i.e., their social relationships and emotional support provided through social networks, telecommunications, and specific assistance in the neighborhood. The main goal is to reduce feelings of loneliness and social isolation. It includes a change in social infrastructure, contributing to increased safety in workplaces, in schools, and during leisure activities. 4. The last group of protective factors concerns individuals themself. In particular, distracting from pandemic -related events is considered to be an appropriate strategy in several ways: avoiding watching news, completing school assignments, spending time with family, pursuing one’s hobbies, playing sports, planning the day, and following the daily routine, even if a person stays at home all day. On a personal level, an optimistic attitude towards the future and a positive reassessment of the situation also helps. Among the requirements and reserves highlighted in the analyzed works, the following can be stated: in research, more space should be devoted to vulnerable groups of the population, namely people from the lowest socioeconomic strata, people without computer literacy, single people, children aged <18 and seniors aged 65+. It is recommended to unify research methods at the national level and to cooperate in developing and verifying the effectiveness of interventions at the international level. At the same time, as online research, which assumes a certain standard of living, dominates at the time of the pandemic, it is recommended that, while maintaining all health protection measures, data on the mental health of the population could be obtained through field social workers.
V súčasnosti už nadpolovičná väčšina slovenskej a českej dospelej populácie hrá digitálne hry či už na mobilných zariadeniach, PC alebo hernej konzole. Malá časť z týchto hráčov hrajúcich nadmerne si vytvorí patologický vzorec hrania, v klasifikačnom systéme DSM-5 zvaný ako porucha v dôsledku hrania internetových hier a v novšom ICD-11 ako porucha v dôsledku hrania. Vo svete bolo od roku 2013, vychádzajúc z týchto dvoch systémov, zatiaľ publikovaných 17 skríningových nástrojov v anglickom jazyku. Cieľ: Nakoľko v slovenskom alebo českom jazyku nie je dostupný ani jeden nástroj, cieľom bolo adaptovať dotazníky IGDT-10 a GDT a štruktúrovaný klinický rozhovor SCI-IGD do slovenského jazyka, predbežne odhadnúť ich diagnostickú presnosť (špecificitu a senzitivitu), reliabilitu; a opísať skúsenosti s ich používaním. Materiál a metóda: Výskumnú vzorku tvorilo 43 hráčov hrajúcich digitálne hry minimálne 20 hodín za týždeň. Klinický rozhovor SCI-IGD bol realizovaný iba na podvzorke 15 hráčov, ktorí hrali denne digitálne hry v priemere 5,47 hodiny. Výsledky: Obidva dotazníky produkovali reliabilné dáta (wt =0,79 a 0,83) a ich senzitivita bola 50 % pre IGDT-10 a 25 % pre GDT. Špecificita obidvoch dotazníkov bola zhodne 100 %. Záver: Vzhľadom k veľkosti vzorky je potrebné považovať výsledky prinajlepšom za predbežné. Potreba ich replikácie je v tomto prípade nevyhnutná. Väčší počet kritérií v DSM-5 zrejme výrazne zvyšuje senzitivitu, avšak na druhú stranu je potrebné povedať, že cieľom WHO bolo znižovaním počtu kritérií zrejme zvyšovať špecificitu, teda redukovať množstvo falošne pozitívnych osôb aj za cenu znižovania senzitivity, keďže práve nízka špecificita nie senzitivita by mohla byť problematickým aspektom v rámci skríningu. Klady a zápory slovenských verzií dotazníkov IGDT-10 a GDT a rozhovoru SCI-IGD sú diskutované v texte príspevku.
The majority of the Slovak and Czech adult population play digital games, be it on a smartphone, tablet, PC, or gaming console. A small proportion of the gamers will develop a pathological gaming pattern. Pathological gaming has already been recognized by both DSM-5 (Internet Gaming Disorder) and ICD-11 (Gaming Disorder). Since 2013, 17 screening instruments based on either of these two classifications have been published in English. Objective: The aim of this study was to adapt the IGDT-10 and the GDT questionnaires and also the structured clinical interview SCI-IGD to the Slovak language, as neither of those has been available in Slovak or Czech, to preliminarily estimate their diagnostic accuracy (specificity and sensitivity), reliability, and to describe experiences with their use. Method: The sample consisted of 43 gamers that play digital games for at least 20 hours per week. The clinical interview SCI-IGD was conducted only on a subsample of 15 players, who played digital games for an average of 5.5 hours per day. Results: Both questionnaires produced reliable data (wt = 0.79 and 0.83) with their sensitivity being 67% and 57% for IGDT-10 and GDT, respectively. The specificity of both questionnaires was 100%. Conclusion: Given the sample size, the results should be considered as preliminary at best and further replication is needed. A larger number of criteria in DSM-5 probably significantly increases sensitivity, but on the other hand, it must be said that the goal of WHO with reduction of the number of criteria was probably to increase specificity, i.e. to reduce false positives even at the cost of reducing sensitivity, as low specificity could be a problematic aspect of screening. Pros and cons of the Slovak versions of the IGDT-10 and GDT questionnaires as well as the SCI-IGD interview are discussed in the paper.
- MeSH
- hra a hračky psychologie MeSH
- hráčství MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- návykové chování MeSH
- netholismus MeSH
- počítače * MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Objectives and hypotheses. It was expected that income and its rate of deterioration as an economic factor, insufficient opportunities to talk to others and subjective feelings of isolation as social variables, and worries about income impairment, worries related to Covid-19, low tolerance of uncertainty, rumination, and catastrophizing as psychological variables, will reduce the frequency of positive experiencing, increase the frequency of negative experiencing and the number of depressive symptoms. On the other hand, personal belief in a just world and a positive reappraisal were expected to positively affect the research variables. Sample and settings. The online data collection was carried out at the end of April 2020 at the peak of the number of people affected by the disease in Slovakia. It was a stratified selection of N = 1108 persons, taking into account the proportional representation of persons from the territory of the whole republic. Statistical analysis. Variable relationships were tested using PLS-SEM (Partial Least Squares – SEM). This procedure was preferred for three reasons: the exploratory nature of complex models, the predictive orientation of models, and the measurement of multiple variables with one-item questioning. Results. Three predictors out of 16 tested had a positive relationship to the frequency of positive experiencing as an affective component of subjective well-being – subjectively assessed health, personal belief in a just world, and a positive reappraisal; rumination was in a negative relationship. Six predictors were related to the frequency of negative experiencing as an affective component of subjective well-being and to symptoms of depression – in addition to the four mentioned above, it was age and worries about income impairment: with higher age, the frequency of negative experiencing and the number of depressive symptoms decreased, and a positive relation had also variables: subjective assessment of health, personal belief in a just world and a positive reappraisal. Worries about income impairment and rumination had a relationship to the frequency of negative experiencing and depressive symptoms. Study limitations. Cross sectional research did not provide information on changes in the affective component of subjective well-being and depressive symptoms of the Slovak population as a result of the pandemic, as the obtained data could not be compared with the results of the same participants from the period before the pandemic. Although this research can be considered representative in several aspects, the validity of the findings is limited by the fact that no specific groups were included in the sample – e.g. the most vulnerable groups were medical staff and the elderly over 70 years of age. Also, those who were ill or suspected of having Covid-19 were excluded from the analysis. Finally, data collection via the Internet presupposes a certain standard of living of respondents.
Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov's valence-dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov's methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov's original analysis strategy, the valence-dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence-dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 5 November 2018. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7611443.v1 .
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emoce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mínění MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- psychologické modely MeSH
- sociální percepce etnologie psychologie MeSH
- srovnání kultur MeSH
- výraz obličeje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
