Rehabilitace je zásadní součástí komplexní péče o pacienty se spinální muskulární atrofií. Včasná diagnostika je pro zahájení dalších intervencí velmi podstatná. V textu níže je uveden souhrn doporučení pro adekvátní zajištění rehabilitační péče u dětského pacienta s tímto nervosvalovým onemocněním. Součástí je nutná multidisciplinární péče, a to zejména ze strany odborníků z řad dětských neurologů, rehabilitačních lékařů, fyzioterapeutů, ergoterapeutů, ortotiků, logopedů ve spolupráci s firmami, které zajišťují ideální zdravotnické pomůcky v určitém věku pacienta a fázi onemocnění. Cílem každé intervence by měla být co největší soběstačnost pacienta, ať už se jedná o schopnost samostatné mobility, přesunů, participace ve školním či pracovním prostředí nebo schopnost samostatné hry
Rehabilitation is the main part of a complex care in patients with spinal muscular atrophy. Early diagnosis is very important for the initiation of the next interventions. The text bellow contains a summary of recommendations for adequate rehabilitation care in child patients with this neuromuscular disease. Multidisciplinary care includes professionals such as pediatric neurologists, pediatric physiatrists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, orthotics and advisors in adequate medical equipment considering the age of the patient and the stage of the disease. The goal of every intervention should be for the patients to be as selfsufficient as possible, including independent mobility, self-moving, pain relief and the ability to participate in school activities or work. In child patients there should be a therapeutic focus on the ability to play with other children or independent play.
- MeSH
- fyzioterapie (techniky) MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pomůcky pro sebeobsluhu MeSH
- rehabilitace metody MeSH
- spinální svalová atrofie * rehabilitace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: A water-impermeable testa acts as a barrier to a seed's imbibition, thereby imposing dormancy. The physical and functional properties of the macrosclereids are thought to be critical determinants of dormancy; however, the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of and release from dormancy in pea are not well understood. METHODS: Seeds of six pea accessions of contrasting dormancy type were tested for their ability to imbibe and the permeability of their testa was evaluated. Release from dormancy was monitored following temperature oscillation, lipid removal and drying. Histochemical and microscopic approaches were used to characterize the structure of the testa. KEY RESULTS: The strophiole was identified as representing the major site for the entry of water into non-dormant seeds, while water entry into dormant seeds was distributed rather than localized. The major barrier for water uptake in dormant seeds was the upper section of the macrosclereids, referred to as the 'light line'. Dormancy could be released by thermocycling, dehydration or chloroform treatment. Assays based on either periodic acid or ruthenium red were used to visualize penetration through the testa. Lipids were detected within a subcuticular waxy layer in both dormant and non-dormant seeds. The waxy layer and the light line both formed at the same time as the establishment of secondary cell walls at the tip of the macrosclereids. CONCLUSIONS: The light line was identified as the major barrier to water penetration in dormant seeds. Its outer border abuts a waxy subcuticular layer, which is consistent with the suggestion that the light line represents the interface between two distinct environments - the waxy subcuticular layer and the cellulose-rich secondary cell wall. The mechanistic basis of dormancy break includes changes in the testa's lipid layer, along with the mechanical disruption induced by oscillation in temperature and by a decreased moisture content of the embryo.
- MeSH
- hrách setý * MeSH
- klíčení * MeSH
- semena rostlinná MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- vegetační klid MeSH
- voda MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: The wild relatives of crop species represent a potentially valuable source of novel genetic variation, particularly in the context of improving the crop's level of tolerance to abiotic stress. The mechanistic basis of these tolerances remains largely unexplored. Here, the focus was to characterize the transcriptomic response of the nodes (meristematic tissue) of couch grass (a relative of barley) to dehydration stress, and to compare it to that of the barley crown formed by both a drought tolerant and a drought sensitive barley cultivar. RESULTS: Many of the genes up-regulated in the nodes by the stress were homologs of genes known to be mediated by abscisic acid during the response to drought, or were linked to either development or lipid metabolism. Transporters also featured prominently, as did genes acting on root architecture. The resilience of the couch grass node arise from both their capacity to develop an altered, more effective root architecture, but also from their formation of a lipid barrier on their outer surface and their ability to modify both their lipid metabolism and transporter activity when challenged by dehydration stress. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis revealed the nature of dehydration stress response in couch grass. We suggested the tolerance is associated with lipid metabolism, the induction of transporters and the re-programming of development coordinated by ABA. We also proved the applicability of barley microarray for couch grass stress-response analysis.
- MeSH
- elektrolyty metabolismus MeSH
- fyziologický stres genetika MeSH
- kyselina abscisová metabolismus MeSH
- lipnicovité genetika metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- membránové transportní proteiny genetika MeSH
- metabolismus lipidů genetika MeSH
- období sucha * MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- voda metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Seed coats of six pea genotypes contrasting in dormancy were studied by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). Multivariate statistical analysis discriminated dormant and non-dormant seeds in mature dry state. Separation between dormant and non-dormant types was observed despite important markers of particular dormant genotypes differ from each other. Normalized signals of long-chain hydroxylated fatty acids (HLFA) in dormant JI64 genotype seed coats were significantly higher than in other genotypes. These compounds seem to be important markers likely influencing JI64 seed imbibition and germination. HLFA importance was supported by study of recombinant inbred lines (JI64xJI92) contrasting in dormancy but similar in other seed properties. Furthemore HLFA distribution in seed coat was studied by mass spectrometry imaging. HLFA contents in strophiole and hilum are significantly lower compared to other parts indicating their role in water uptake. Results from LDI-MS experiments are useful in understanding (physical) dormancy (first phases of germination) mechanism and properties related to food processing technologies (e.g., seed treatment by cooking).
We report a series of microarray-based leaf and crown transcriptome comparisons involving three barley cultivars (cvs. Luxor, Igri and Atlas 68) which express differing degrees of frost tolerance. The transcripts were obtained following the exposure of seedlings to low (above and below zero) temperatures, aiming to identify those genes and signalling/metabolic pathways which are associated with frost tolerance. Both the leaves and the crowns responded to low temperature by the up-regulation of a suite of abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive genes, most of which have already been recognized as components of the plant low temperature response. The inter-cultivar comparison indicated that genes involved in maintaining the leaf's capacity to synthesize protein and to retain chloroplast activity were important for the expression of frost tolerance. In the crown, the repression of genes associated with nucleosome assembly and transposon regulation were the most relevant transcriptional changes associated with frost tolerance, highlighting the role of gene repression in the cold acclimation response.
- MeSH
- down regulace MeSH
- ječmen (rod) genetika metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin genetika metabolismus MeSH
- mapování chromozomů MeSH
- nukleozomy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- reakce na chladový šok MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné geny MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- transkripční elongační faktory genetika metabolismus MeSH
- transkriptom MeSH
- upregulace MeSH
- zmrazování MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Drought and low temperature are the two most significant causes of abiotic stress in agricultural crops and, therefore, they pose considerable challenges in plant science. Hence, it is crucial to study response mechanisms and to select genes for identification signaling pathways that lead from stimulus to response. The assessment of gene expression is often attempted using real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), a technique which requires a careful choice of reference gene(s) for normalization purpose. Here, we report a comparison of 13 potential reference genes for studying gene expression in the leaf and crown of barley seedlings subjected to low temperature or drought stress. All three currently available software packages designed to identify reference genes from qRT-PCR data (GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper) were used to identify informative sets of up to three reference genes. Interestingly, the data obtained from the separate treatment of leaf and crown have led to the recommendations that HSP70 and S-AMD (and possibly HSP90) to be used as the reference genes for low-temperature stressed leaves, HSP90 and EF1α for low-temperature stressed crowns, cyclophilin and ADP-RF (and possibly ACT) for drought-stressed leaves, and EF1α and S-AMD for drought-stressed crowns. Our results have demonstrated that the gene expression can be highly tissue- or organ-specific in barley and have confirmed that reference gene choice is essential in qRT-PCR. The findings can also serve as guidelines for the selection of reference genes under different stress conditions and lay foundation for more accurate and widespread use of qRT-PCR in barley gene analysis.
- MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- fyziologický stres * MeSH
- ječmen (rod) genetika fyziologie MeSH
- listy rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- nízká teplota MeSH
- období sucha MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
- referenční standardy MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
- RNA rostlin genetika MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika MeSH
- semenáček genetika fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
We report a series of microarray-based comparisons of gene expression in the leaf and crown of the winter barley cultivar Luxor, following the exposure of young plants to various periods of low (above and below zero) temperatures. A transcriptomic analysis identified genes which were either expressed in both the leaf and crown, or specifically in one or the other. Among the former were genes responsible for calcium and abscisic acid signalling, polyamine synthesis, late embryogenesis abundant proteins and dehydrins. In the crown, the key organ for cereal overwintering, cold treatment induced transient changes in the transcription of nucleosome assembly genes, and especially H2A and HTA11, which have been implicated in cold sensing in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the leaf, various heat-shock proteins were induced. Differences in expression pattern between the crown and leaf were frequent for genes involved in certain pathways responsible for osmolyte production (sucrose and starch, raffinose, γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism), sugar signalling (trehalose metabolism) and secondary metabolism (lignin synthesis). The action of proteins with antifreeze activity, which were markedly induced during hardening, was demonstrated by a depression in the ice nucleation temperature.
- MeSH
- aklimatizace genetika MeSH
- GABA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- genetická transkripce MeSH
- histony genetika MeSH
- ječmen (rod) genetika metabolismus MeSH
- lignin biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- listy rostlin genetika metabolismus MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů genetika MeSH
- nízká teplota MeSH
- nukleozomy metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny tepelného šoku genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
6. uprav. vyd. 681 s. : tab.
- Konspekt
- Lingvistika. Jazyky
- NLK Obory
- lingvistika, lékařská terminologie
- NLK Publikační typ
- učebnice vysokých škol
3.vyd. 729 s.
