BACKGROUND: Lateral ventricular enlargement represents a canonical morphometric finding in chronic patients with schizophrenia; however, longitudinal studies elucidating complex dynamic trajectories of ventricular volume change during critical early disease stages are sparse. METHODS: We measured lateral ventricular volumes in 113 first-episode schizophrenia patients (FES) at baseline visit (11.7 months after illness onset, SD = 12.3) and 128 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) using 3T MRI. MRI was then repeated in both FES and HC one year later. RESULTS: Compared to controls, ventricular enlargement was identified in 18.6% of patients with FES (14.1% annual ventricular volume (VV) increase; 95%CI: 5.4; 33.1). The ventricular expansion correlated with the severity of PANSS-negative symptoms at one-year follow-up (p = 0.0078). Nevertheless, 16.8% of FES showed an opposite pattern of statistically significant ventricular shrinkage during ≈ one-year follow-up (-9.5% annual VV decrease; 95%CI: -23.7; -2.4). There were no differences in sex, illness duration, age of onset, duration of untreated psychosis, body mass index, the incidence of Schneiderian symptoms, or cumulative antipsychotic dose among the patient groups exhibiting ventricular enlargement, shrinkage, or no change in VV. CONCLUSION: Both enlargement and ventricular shrinkage are equally present in the early stages of schizophrenia. The newly discovered early reduction of VV in a subgroup of patients emphasizes the need for further research to understand its mechanisms.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozkové komory diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- schizofrenie * diagnostické zobrazování patologie patofyziologie MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- ventriculi laterales diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Negative symptoms (NS) represent a detrimental symptomatic domain in schizophrenia affecting social and occupational outcomes. AIMS: We aimed to identify factors from the baseline visit (V1) - with a mean illness duration of 0.47 years (SD = 0.45) - that predict the magnitude of NS at the follow-up visit (V3), occurring 4.4 years later (mean +/- 0.45). METHOD: Using longitudinal data from 77 first-episode schizophrenia spectrum patients, we analysed eight predictors of NS severity at V3: (1) the age at disease onset, (2) age at V1, (3) sex, (4) diagnosis, (5) NS severity at V1, (6) the dose of antipsychotic medication at V3, (7) hospitalisation days before V1 and; (8) the duration of untreated psychosis /DUP/). Secondly, using a multiple linear regression model, we studied the longitudinal relationship between such identified predictors and NS severity at V3 using a multiple linear regression model. RESULTS: DUP (Pearson's r = 0.37, p = 0.001) and NS severity at V1 (Pearson's r = 0.49, p < 0.001) survived correction for multiple comparisons. The logarithmic-like relationship between DUP and NS was responsible for the initial stunning incremental contribution of DUP to the severity of NS. For DUP < 6 months, with the sharpest DUP/NS correlation, prolonging DUP by five days resulted in a measurable one-point increase in the 6-item negative symptoms PANSS domain assessed 4.9 (+/- 0.6) years after the illness onset. Prolongation of DUP to 14.7 days doubled this NS gain, whereas 39 days longer DUP tripled NS increase. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the petrification of NS during the early stages of the schizophrenia spectrum and a crucial dependence of this symptom domain on DUP. These findings are clinically significant and highlight the need for primary preventive actions.
infekce a stres v raném věku během zranitelného období vývoje cns souvisejí se zvýšeným rizikem vzniku neuropsychiatrických poruch, jako je schizofrenie. na základě teorie dvojího zásahu u schizofrenie je hypoteticky ke spuštění poruchy nutný ještě druhý inzult rùzné modality. neonatální aplikace lipopolysacharidu (lPs, známého také jako endotoxin) u potkanù je uznávaným modelem vedoucím k behaviorálnímu deficitu a neurokognitivním poruchám na podkladě imunitní stimulace v raném věku a používá se jako neurovývojový model psychózy. V této práci jsme na modelu potkana studovali, jak neonatální podání lPs spolu s dysbiózou vyvolanou chronickou léčbou antibiotiky jako druhým zásahem na základě teorie dvojího zásahu ovlivní metabolické dráhy pomocí necílené metabolomické analýzy. hodnotili jsme rozdíly mezi metabolomy kontrolní a testovací skupiny (vystavené lPs a/nebo léčbě antibiotiky), abychom zjistili rozdíly mezi jejich metabolitovými profily. Vzorky skupiny léčené lPs vykazovaly pozoruhodné metabolomické změny ve srovnání s kontrolními subjekty. Jako nejvíce ovlivněné divergentní dráhy byly určeny dráhy pyrimidinového metabolismu a dráhy biosyntézy pantothenátu a koenzymu a (coa); p-hodnota upravená podle gama je 0,04275 a 0,04278. Léčba ATB nevedla k žádným změnám metabolomu, a naopak maskovala účinky vyvolané aplikací lPs. S odkazem na tyto údaje jsme schopni naznačit, že neonatální výzva LPS hraje významnou roli v rozkladu pyrimidinového metabolismu a drah biosyntézy pantothenátu a coa, které by mohly být identifikovány jako metabolické dráhy zapojené do patogeneze schizofrenie. Vzhledem k pøedběžné povaze naší studie je nutné naše zjištění ověøit v budoucím výzkumu schizofrenie.
infections and stress in early life, during a vulnerable development period of the cns, are related to an increased risk of the development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Based on the dual-intervention theory of schizophrenia, a second insult modality is hypothesized to be required to trigger the disorder. neonatal lipopolysaccharide (lPs, also known as endotoxin) treatment in rats is an acknowledged model for inducing the behavioral deficits and neurocognitive impairments caused by an early-life immune challenge and is used as a neurodevelopmental model of psychosis. in the present work, we studied in the rat model how the neonatal lPs administration along with dysbiosis induced by chronic antibiotic treatment as a second hit based on the dual hit theory will affect metabolic pathways by an untargeted metabolomic analysis. We have evaluated differences between the metabolome of control and test groups (exposed to lPs and/or antibiotic treatment) to determine differences between their metabolite profiles. the lPs-treated group samples have exhibited notable metabolomic changes compared to the control subjects. the most affected divergent pathways were determined as Pyrimidine metabolism and Pantothenate and coenzyme a (coa) biosynthesis pathways (the gamma-adjusted p-values are 0.04275 and 0.04278, respectively). the atB treatment did not result in any changes in metabolome and, on the contrary, masked the effects induced by lPs treatment. referring to these data, we are able to suggest that a neonatal lPs challenge plays a significant role in the discomposing Pyrimidine metabolism and Pantothenate and coa biosynthesis pathways, which could be identified as metabolism pathways involved in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Due to the preliminary nature of our study, it is necessary to confirm our findings in future schizophrenia research
The present study investigated whether neonatal exposure to the proinflammatory endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by an antibiotic (ATB)-induced dysbiosis in early adulthood could induce neurodevelopmental disorders-like behavioral changes in adult male rats. Combining these two stressors resulted in decreased weight gain, but no significant behavioral abnormalities were observed. LPS treatment resulted in adult rats' hypoactivity and induced anxiety-like behavior in the social recognition paradigm, but these behavioral changes were not exacerbated by ATB-induced gut dysbiosis. ATB treatment seriously disrupted the gut bacterial community, but dysbiosis did not affect locomotor activity, social recognition, and acoustic reactivity in adult rats. Fecal bacterial community analyses showed no differences between the LPS challenge exposed/unexposed rats, while the effect of ATB administration was decisive regardless of prior LPS exposure. ATB treatment resulted in significantly decreased bacterial diversity, suppression of Clostridiales and Bacteroidales, and increases in Lactobacillales, Enterobacteriales, and Burkholderiales. The persistent effect of LPS on some aspects of behavior suggests a long-term effect of early toxin exposure that was not observed in ATB-treated animals. However, an anti-inflammatory protective effect of ATB cannot be assumed because of the increased abundance of pro-inflammatory, potentially pathogenic bacteria (Proteus, Suttrella) and the elimination of the bacterial families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, which are generally considered beneficial for gut health.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Pervading global narratives suggest that political polarization is increasing, yet the accuracy of such group meta-perceptions has been drawn into question. A recent US study suggests that these beliefs are inaccurate and drive polarized beliefs about out-groups. However, it also found that informing people of inaccuracies reduces those negative beliefs. In this work, we explore whether these results generalize to other countries. To achieve this, we replicate two of the original experiments with 10,207 participants across 26 countries. We focus on local group divisions, which we refer to as fault lines. We find broad generalizability for both inaccurate meta-perceptions and reduced negative motive attribution through a simple disclosure intervention. We conclude that inaccurate and negative group meta-perceptions are exhibited in myriad contexts and that informing individuals of their misperceptions can yield positive benefits for intergroup relations. Such generalizability highlights a robust phenomenon with implications for political discourse worldwide.
- MeSH
- generalizace (psychologie) MeSH
- komunikační bariéry MeSH
- kultura MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- politika * MeSH
- předsudek * prevence a kontrola psychologie MeSH
- racionalizace MeSH
- skupinové procesy * MeSH
- sociální chování * MeSH
- sociální percepce psychologie MeSH
- sociální změna MeSH
- sociologické faktory MeSH
- srovnání kultur MeSH
- stereotypizace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Traffic signs are an integral part of the traffic control plan and they provide road users with necessary information on the upcoming situation. This paper aims to examine the level of understanding of traffic sign imagery used in different countries and to track participants' eye movement when they encounter unfamiliar signs. Tobii eye tracking glasses were used to track gaze differences between familiar and unfamiliar traffic signs. Our findings show that sign characteristics (such as the amount of information on the sign) and the observer's knowledge of the sign meaning have a significant impact on eye behaviour. Signs containing more information (loaded with more content) and unfamiliar to the participant systematically produced the longest overall and average fixations and gazing duration. Given that longer gaze time for unfamiliar traffic signs presents a potential traffic hazard, we evaluated the need for standardization of traffic signs.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezinárodní spolupráce MeSH
- oční fixace fyziologie MeSH
- orientační tabule a značení normy MeSH
- pohyby očí fyziologie MeSH
- pozornost MeSH
- řízení motorových vozidel psychologie MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) fyziologie MeSH
- světelná stimulace MeSH
- technologie sledování pohybu očí MeSH
- znalosti MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
