BACKGROUND: Exposure to traumatic events in childhood, including bullying, can negatively affect physical and mental health in adulthood. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of bullying in different sociodemographic groups of the Slovak Republic and to assess the moderating effect of bullying on the associations between childhood trauma, resilience, and the later occurrence of psychopathology. METHODS: For the analyses, a representative sample of the population of the Slovak Republic was used (N = 1018, mean age 46.24 years, 48.7% of men). Multivariate linear regression models were used to investigate the predictive ability of childhood trauma (The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ) and resilience (The Brief Resilience Scale, BRS) to explain psychopathology (The Brief Symptom Inventory, BSI-53). Bullying (The Adverse Childhood Experiences - International Questionnaire, ACE-IQ) was used as a moderator. RESULTS: In total, 13.5% of respondents have experienced bullying. The most common form of bullying was making fun of someone because of how their body or face looked (46.7%) and excluding someone from activities or ignoring them (36.5%). Higher scores in all types of psychopathology and the Global Severity Index (GSI) were significantly associated with higher scores of emotional and sexual abuse, and some of them with physical neglect. The protective effect of resilience was moderated by bullying in several types of psychopathology, specifically in somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, psychoticism, and the GSI. CONCLUSION: Understanding the links between childhood trauma, bullying, and later psychopathology can help professionals target policies, resources, and interventions to support children and families at risk. Every child should feel accepted and safe at home and school.
INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic and its related restrictions, mainly social distancing, had an impact on the mental health of various groups, including adolescents. METHODS: The main goal of our study was to explore the impact of gender, age, resilience (measured using the Brief Resilience Scale), attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance (both measured using the Experiences in Close Relationships Revised Scale for adolescents), and mental and general health (measured using items of SF-8 Health Survey) on COVID anxiety (measured using the COVID Anxiety Scale) among a sample of Slovak adolescents (N = 1,786, age 15 to 19, mean age = 16.8, SD = 1.2). The data were collected online between 13 April and 24 May 2021. RESULTS: Four nested linear regression models were fitted to the data and evaluated. The significant predictors that had a greater effect than our smallest effect size of interest (β = 0.10) were gender (β = -0.26, p < 0.001, where boys had lower scores in COVID anxiety), general and mental health (β = -0.13 and β = -0.14, respectively, both with p < 0.001), resilience (β = -0.12, p < 0.001), and attachment avoidance (β = -0.11, p < 0.001). Similarly, age and attachment anxiety were significant predictors with a lower effect size (β = 0.06, p = 0.003, and β = 0.09, p < 0.001, respectively). DISCUSSION: Our results are in line with previous research findings highlighting the importance of prevention and interventions programs focused mainly on preventing loneliness and social disconnection, fostering secure attachment with parents and peers, and increasing the resilience of adolescents, especially in the stressful time of a pandemic, to promote their mental health.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cieľ: V genéze väčšiny duševných porúch sa uplatňuje kombinácia hereditárnych dispozícií a nepriaznivých faktorov prostredia. Cieľom tejto práce bolo zistiť asociácie medzi rôznymi formami zlého zaobchádzania v detstve a dlhotrvajúcou úzkosťou v populácii a poruchami zo spektra neurotických, stresových a somatoformných porúch v dospelosti. Súbor a metodika: Z reprezentatívnej vzorky ČR (n = 1800, 48,7 % mužov, priemerný vek 46,61) boli vybraní: (A) subjektívne "zdraví" respondenti (n = 405, 58 % mužov, priemerný vek 36,54 ? 14,45) a (B) respondenti, ktorí subjektívne udávali dlhodobo úzkosť (n = 125, 32,8 % mužov, priemerný vek 40, 51 ? 12,71). Klinickú vzorku (C) tvorili pacienti zo spektra neurotických, stresových a somatoformných porúch (F 40-48) (n = 73, 27,4 % mužov, priemerný vek 40,51 ? 12,71). Respondenti v štandardizovanom interview odpovedali na nasledovné dotazníky: dotazník Trauma z dětství (CTQ), otázky na dlhotrvajúce zdravotné ťažkosti (vrátane úzkosti), Dotazník Prožívání blízkých vztahů (ECR-R-16), Stručná škála resilience (BRS) a vybrané otázky na anxietu v rámci Stručného Inventáře příznaků (BSI-53). Výsledky: Respondenti z populačnej vzorky, udávajúci emočné týranie a emočné a fyzické zanedbávanie mali aj po zohľadnení veku a pohlavia vyššie riziko, že budú trpieť dlhotrvajúcou úzkosťou. Všetky formy zlého zaobchádzania boli asociované so zvýšeným rizikom výskytu klinicky diagnostikovanej poruchy zo spektra neurotických, stresových a somatoformných porúch oproti populácii, ktorá neudávala žiadne ťažkosti, ale aj oproti populácii udávajúcej úzkosť. Riziko výskytu dlhotrvajúcej úzkosti v populačnej vzorke a klinicky diagnostikovanej poruchy zostalo štatisticky významné aj po zohľadnení vzťahovej úzkostnosti, vzťahovej vyhýbavosti a resiliencie. Záver: Významné asociácie medzi zlým zaobchádzaním v detstve a dlhotrvajúcou úzkosťou v populačnej vzorke a výskytom porúch zo spektra neurotických, stresových a somatoformných porúch v dospelosti poukazujú na dôležitosť faktorov prostredia - špeciálne zlých skúseností s opatrujúcimi osobami v detstve - v etiopatogenéze týchto porúch a upriamujú pozornosť na možnosti prevencie a nutnosť zohľadňovať ich pri terapeutických intervenciách.
Objective: A combination of hereditary dispositions and adverse environmental factors are involved in the development of most mental disorders. The study aimed to assess associations between various forms of childhood adversity and long-term anxiety in the population and disorders from the spectrum of neurotic, stress and somatoform disorders in adulthood. eurotic, stress and somatoform disorders (F 40-48) (n = 73, 27.4% men, mean age 40.51 ? 12.71). Respondents answered the following questionnaires in a standardized interview: the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised questionnaire (ECR-R-16), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) and selected questions on anxiety within the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-53). Results: Respondents from the population sample reporting emotional abuse and emotional and physical neglect had even higher odds of suffering from long-term anxiety, after adjusting for age and gender. All forms of childhood adversity were associated with increased risk of clinically diagnosed disorder from the spectrum of neurotic, stress and somatoform disorders compared to the population which did not report any difficulties but also compared to the population reporting anxiety. The risk of long-term anxiety in the population sample and the sample with a clinically diagnosed disorder remained statistically significant even after adjusting for attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance and resilience. Conclusion: Significant associations between childhood adversity and long-term anxiety in the population sample and the occurrence of disorders in the spectrum of neurotic, stress and somatoform disorders in adulthood point to the importance of environmental factors - especially adverse experiences with child caregivers - in the aetiopathogenesis of the disorders and prevention and highlight the possibilities of prevention and the need to consider them in therapeutic interventions.
- MeSH
- dospělí s anamnézou domácího násilí nebo sexuálního zneužívání v dětství * psychologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- připoutání k objektu MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- úzkost etiologie psychologie MeSH
- úzkostné poruchy * etiologie psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Long-term isolation, including lockdowns and quarantines, may have a distressing effect on anyone experiencing it. Adolescent brain architecture is very sensitive to environmental adversities, and the mental health development of adolescents may be particularly vulnerable during the pandemic era. In order to better understand the triggers for perceived adolescent stress (PSS) during the COVID-19 lockdown, the present study aimed to assess the effects of social well-being and changes in time use during the lockdown, as well as the family COVID experience of adolescents. METHODS: The sample for this study comprised n = 3,440 adolescents (54.2% girls; mean age = 13.5 ± 1.6 years). Bayesian correlations between PSS, health and well-being variables were assessed. PSS was then modeled as an outcome variable in a series of nested Bayesian multilevel regression models. RESULTS: The negative impact of the COVID-19 lockdown was more apparent in girls. PSS was moderately correlated with adolescent health and well-being. The strongest predictor of higher level of PSS was frequent feeling of loneliness. On the contrary, lower level of PSS was most associated with having someone to talk to. CONCLUSION: Long-term social isolation of adolescents could be harmful to their mental health. Psychological coping strategies to prevent the consequences of social isolation and development of mental health problems should be promoted on the individual, family, and even community level.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The abuse and neglect of a child is a major public health problem with serious psychosocial, health and economic consequences. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between various types of childhood trauma, selected long-term diseases and alcohol and nicotine use disorder in Czech and Slovak representative samples. METHODS: Data on retrospective reporting about selected long-term diseases, alcohol and nicotine use disorder (CAGE Questionnaire) and childhood maltreatment (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTQ) in two representative samples (Czech sample: n = 1800, 48.7% men, mean age 46.61 ± 17.4; Slovak sample: n = 1018, 48.7% men, mean age: 46.2 ± 16.6) was collected. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships between childhood maltreatment and long-term diseases. RESULTS: There is a higher occurrence of some long-term diseases (such as diabetes, obesity, allergy, asthma) and alcohol and nicotine use disorder in the Czech sample; however, in the Slovak sample the associations between child maltreatment and long-term diseases are stronger overall. Emotional abuse predicts the occurrence of all the studied long-term diseases, and the concurrent occurrence of emotional abuse and neglect significantly predicts the reporting of most diseases. All types of childhood trauma were strong predictors of reporting the occurrence of three or more long-term diseases. CONCLUSION: The extent of reporting childhood trauma and associations with long-term diseases in the Czech and Slovak population is a challenge for the strengthening of preventive and therapeutic programmes in psychosocial and psychiatric care for children and adolescents to prevent later negative consequences on health.
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- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- nepříznivé zkušenosti z dětství * MeSH
- poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku * MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Despite negative connotations, surviving trauma can result in improvements in some domains of a person's life. This phenomenon is known as posttraumatic growth (PTG), and it is typically measured using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Given the ambiguous results of the existing validation studies, the present study aimed to verify the psychometric properties of the Slovak version of the PTGI in a representative sample of Slovak citizens. Although the results suggest that a modified one-factor structure fit the data best, other issues, such as extremely high correlations between the latent factors related to the PTGI's factor structure, were observed. It is likely that the application of the latent variable model does not represent the essence of PTG adequately and the network approach thus appears to be a far more suitable conceptualization of PTG. More detailed information on between-person differences and within-person changes in PTG could help to tailor more effective interventions or preventive programs.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: In recent years, resilience has become a focus of research in the medical and behavioral sciences. The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) was developed to assess the individual ability to recover from stress ("to bounce back") after experiencing adversities. The aim of the study was to validate the Czech and Slovak versions of the BRS. METHODS: A representative sample of the Czech and Slovak populations (NCZ = 1800, mean age MCZ = 46.6, SDCZ = 17.4, 48.7% of men; NSK = 1018, mean age MSK = 46.2, SDSK = 16.6, 48.7% men) completed a survey assessing their health and well-being. Several confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models of the BRS were compared to find the best fit. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients of reliability were evaluated. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating resilience (BRS), physical and mental well-being (SF-8) and psychopathology symptoms (BSI-53). Differences in gender and age groups were appraised. RESULTS: A single-factor model with method effects on the reverse items was evaluated to best fit the data in both the Czech and Slovak samples (χ2CZ(6) = 39.0, p < 0.001, CFICZ = 0.998, TLICZ = 0.995, RMSEACZ = 0.055, SRMRCZ = 0.024; χ2SK(6) = 23.9, p < 0.001, CFISK = 0.998, TLISK = 0.995, RMSEASK = 0.054, SRMRSK = 0.009). The reliability was high in both samples (αCZ = 0.80, ωCZ = 0.85; αSK = 0.86, ωSK = 0.91). The BRS was positively associated with physical and mental well-being and negatively associated with somatization, depression and anxiety. In both countries, a lower BRS score was associated with higher age. Czech men reported significantly higher BRS scores than women. No significant difference was found in the mean BRS scores between the two countries. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence of good psychometric properties, reliability and validity of the Czech and Slovak adaptations of the BRS.
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- faktorová analýza statistická MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- psychometrie metody MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
The COVID-19 outbreak has raised questions about how vulnerable groups experience the pandemic. Research that focuses on the view of individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions is still limited, and so are cross-country comparative surveys. We gathered our sample of qualitative data during the first lockdown after governmental measures against the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus came into force in Austria, Czechia, Germany, and Slovakia. A total of n = 1690 psychotherapists from four middle European countries answered the question of how the COVID-19 pandemic was addressed in sessions by their patients during the early stage of unprecedented public health conditions. We employed a descriptive qualitative methodology to determine themes following levels of the social-ecological model (SEM) regarding how the COVID-19 pandemic affected patients. At the public policy level, stressful environmental conditions concerned the governmental mitigation efforts. At the level of community/society, reported key themes were employment, restricted access to educational and health facilities, socioeconomic consequences, and the pandemic itself. Key themes at the interpersonal level regarded forced proximity, the possibility of infection of loved ones, childcare, and homeschooling. Key themes at the individual level were the possibility of contracting COVID-19, having to stay at home/isolation, and a changing environment. Within the SEM framework, adaptive and maladaptive responses to these stressors were reported, with more similarities than differences between the countries. A quantification of word stems showed that the maladaptive reactions predominated.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * epidemiologie MeSH
- kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- psychoterapeuti MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Zhrnutie. Cieľom tohto prehľadového článku je popísať objektívne pôrodnícke a populačné faktory, ktoré sa podieľajú na vzniku posttraumatickej stresovej poruchy (PTSP) po pôrode, a tiež spôsoby, akými sa vzájomne ovplyvňujú so subjektívnymi faktormi, s cieľom identifikovať ženy, u ktorých je zvýšené riziko rozvoja symptómov PTSP po pôrode. Výsledky. Výskyt PTSP 4 až 6 týždňov po pôrode sa odhaduje na 5,77 % v celkovej populácii žien po pôrode a na 12,64 % v rizikovej subpopulácii. Pôrodnícke faktory sa javia byť do značnej miery mediované emocionálnou podporou rodiacej ženy zo strany zdravotníckeho personálu, ako aj prítomnosťou a podporou sprevádzajúcej osoby. Subjektívne vnímanie pôrodu rodiacimi ženami a miera kontroly, ktorú počas pôrodu pociťujú, patria medzi najsilnejšie faktory, ktoré ovplyvňujú riziko vzniku PTSP po pôrode. Včasná intervencia v podobe poskytovania dostatočných informácií a emocionálnej podpory počas pôrodu, ako aj v období po pôrode a rôzne formy sociálnej podpory znižujú riziko vzniku chronickej formy PTSP. Limity. Vzhľadom na špecifiká pôrodných systémov sa môže miera výskytu PTSP a zastúpenie rizikových faktorov v českom a slovenskom prostredí líšiť od výskytu a zastúpenia v krajinách, z ktorých pochádzajú zdroje zahrnuté v tomto prehľadovom článku.
Objectives. The aim of this article is to describe objective obstetric and population factors for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth, the ways in which they interact with subjective factors, in order to identify those women who are at an increased risk of developing PTSD symptoms after delivery. Methods. The Web of Science database was used to search the literature. The keywords “posttraumatic stress disorder”, “PTSD”, “childbirth”, “trauma” and “risk factors” were entered. Out of 79 resulting articles in English, 48 articles dealing with the topic of postpartum PTSD were selected, of which 29 directly dealt with the identification and description of risk factors for the development of postpartum PTSD. Additional relevant literature has been obtained through the study of these articles. Results. The incidence of PTSD at 4-6 weeks after childbirth is estimated at 5.77% in the total population of postpartum women, and in the at-risk subpopulation, the estimate is 12.64%. Obstetric factors appear to be largely mediated by the emotional support of the birthing woman from medical staff as well as by the presence and support of the accompanying person. Subjective perception of childbirth by the women giving birth and the degree of control they feel during the birth process are among the strongest factors which influence the risk of developing PTSD after childbirth. Early intervention in the form of providing comprehensive information and emotional support during childbirth, as well as in the postpartum period, and various forms of social support reduce the risk of developing a chronic form of PTSD. Study limitations. Due to the specifics of childbirth systems across geographies, the incidence rate of PTSD and the representation of risk factors in the Czech and Slovak environments can differ from the incidence and representation of those countries included in the resources for this review article.
OBJECTIVE: There is evidence that experiencing childhood trauma and life stressors across the lifespan together with lower resilience is associated with chronic pain-related conditions. The aim of this study was to explore the potential mediating role of resilience in the relationship between childhood trauma and long-term pain and to explore a possible moderating role of serious life stressors in the last year. METHODS: The participants, drawn from a representative sample of citizens of the Czech Republic (n = 1800, mean age: 46.6 years, 48.7% male), were asked to report various long-term pain conditions, childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ), life stressors (Life Stressor Checklist Revised, LSC-R) and resilience (Brief Resilience Scale, BRS) in a cross-sectional face-to-face study conducted in 2016. A conditional process SEM model of moderated mediation was performed. RESULTS: The occurrence of life stress events affecting the participant's last year moderated the relationship between childhood trauma, resilience and health. In the group of participants who experienced at least one life stress event affecting their last year, resilience fully mediated the effect of past childhood trauma on long-term pain. In participants who did not experience life stressors with an impact on the last year, the direct path from childhood trauma to health through resilience lost its significance. CONCLUSION: The subjective meaning of stress events on one's life has an impact on the trajectory between childhood trauma and health and acts as a moderator. Resilience may buffer the negative effect of trauma on later long-term pain.
