Accurate distinction between self and other representations is fundamental to a range of social cognitive capacities, and understanding individual differences in this ability is an important aim for psychological research. This demands accurate measures of self-other distinction (SOD). The present study examined an experimental paradigm employed frequently to measure SOD in the action domain; specifically, we evaluated the rotated finger-action stimuli used increasingly to measure automatic imitation (AI). To assess the suitability of these stimuli, we compared AI elicited by different action stimuli to the performance on a perspective-taking task believed to measure SOD in the perception domain. In two separate experiments we reveal three important findings: firstly, we demonstrate a strong confounding influence of orthogonal-compatibility effects on AI elicited by certain rotated stimuli. Second, we demonstrate the potential for this confounding influence to mask important relationships between AI and other measures of SOD; we observed a relationship between AI and perspective-taking performance only when the former was measured in isolation of orthogonality compatibility. Thirdly, we observed a relationship between these two performance measures only in a sub-group of individuals exhibiting a pure form of AI. Furthermore, this relationship revealed a self-bias in SOD-reduced AI was associated with increased egocentric misattributions in perspective taking. Together, our findings identify an important methodological consideration for measures of AI and extend previous research by showing an egocentric style of SOD across action and perception domains.
- MeSH
- hmatová percepce fyziologie MeSH
- kognice fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- napodobovací chování fyziologie MeSH
- prsty ruky fyziologie MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie MeSH
- reakční čas fyziologie MeSH
- vnímání prostoru fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Previous research has shown that ideas which violate our expectations, such as schema-inconsistent concepts, enjoy privileged status in terms of memorability. In our study, memory for concepts that violate cultural (cultural schema-level) expectations (e.g., "illiterate teacher", "wooden bottle", or "thorny grass") versus domain-level (ontological) expectations (e.g., "speaking cat", "jumping maple", or "melting teacher") was examined. Concepts that violate cultural expectations, or counter-schematic, were remembered to a greater extent compared with concepts that violate ontological expectations and with intuitive concepts (e.g., "galloping pony", "drying orchid", or "convertible car"), in both immediate recall, and delayed recognition tests. Importantly, concepts related to agents showed a memory advantage over concepts not pertaining to agents, but this was true only for expectation-violating concepts. Our results imply that intuitive, everyday concepts are equally attractive and memorable regardless of the presence or absence of agents. However, concepts that violate our expectations (cultural-schema or domain-level) are more memorable when pertaining to agents (humans and animals) than to non-agents (plants or objects/artifacts). We conclude that due to their evolutionary salience, cultural ideas which combine expectancy violations and the involvement of an agent are especially memorable and thus have an enhanced probability of being successfully propagated.
- MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kultura MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- paměť * MeSH
- pozornost MeSH
- pravděpodobnost MeSH
- rozpomínání MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The psychometric properties of the TCI-R method were investigated in a cohort of 15-year-old adolescents (n = 787). This is the lowest recommended age for using the adult version of the method. A factor analysis of the temperament and character scales was carried out on the basis of Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation. We compared our results with a previous TCI version which was used in the pilot study of 15-year-olds (n = 171), with established norms for the Czech adolescents and adults, and in regard to gender differences. The principal component analyses for all scales with eigenvalues ≥ 1 resulted in only a 6 factor structure, in contrast to the 7 factor structure postulated by Cloninger. But the factor solution, computed separately for temperament (4F) and character (3F), approximately reflected the Cloninger's model except for the temperament subscales NS1 (Exploration Excitability), RD1 (Sentimentality) and RD4 (Dependence), which load multiple factors, and the character subscale SD 4 (Self-acceptance), which loads the Cooperativeness factor. The internal consistency of the main TCI-R scales was excellent; the Cronbach's alpha varied from .83 (NS) to .89 (HA). However, for some subscales (NS4, RD4, and CO5) the consistency was rather weak. In our research, the previous version of TCI showed less satisfying psychometric properties than TCI-R did. In terms of gender differences, girls scored higher in NS, RD, HA, CO and ST, whereas boys scored higher in PS; no statistically significant differences for SD were found. In general, our results support the Cloninger's postulated 7 factor personality structure and the appropriateness of the TCI-R usage for 15-year-old adolescents.
- MeSH
- charakter MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- osobnostní dotazník MeSH
- psychometrie MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- temperament MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Táto štúdia má za cieľ predstaviť a vysvetliť fenomén nedávno objavený, a tým je slepota k zmene (change blindness); neschopnosť detekovať markantné zmeny. Cieľom je popísať prečo a za akých podmienok neschopnosť detekovať zmeny vzniká. Slepotu k zmene možno indukovať prostredníctvom viacerých designov (flicker, one-shot, „škvrny“, prerušenie počas filmu). Techniky flicker a one-shot sú popísané detailne, poukazujúc na úlohu kognitívnych a exekutívnych procesov v procese detekovania zmien. Snaha poukázať na indukovanie fenoménu slepoty k zmene jednak v laboratórnom, jednak v prirodzenom prostredí je demonštrovaná prostredníctvom príkladov z mnohých výskumných štúdií. Preto implikácie ponúkané výskumom slepoty k zmene by mohli pomôcť porozumeniu spracovávania vizuálnych informácií, a takisto prispieť k objasneniu permanentnej dilemy v psychológii: úlohe spracovávania informácií zdola-hore a zhora-dole.
