A wide range of literature connects sex ratio and mating behaviours in non-human animals. However, research examining sex ratio and human mating is limited in scope. Prior work has examined the relationship between sex ratio and desire for short-term, uncommitted mating as well as outcomes such as marriage and divorce rates. Less empirical attention has been directed towards the relationship between sex ratio and mate preferences, despite the importance of mate preferences in the human mating literature. To address this gap, we examined sex ratio's relationship to the variation in preferences for attractiveness, resources, kindness, intelligence and health in a long-term mate across 45 countries (n = 14 487). We predicted that mate preferences would vary according to relative power of choice on the mating market, with increased power derived from having relatively few competitors and numerous potential mates. We found that each sex tended to report more demanding preferences for attractiveness and resources where the opposite sex was abundant, compared to where the opposite sex was scarce. This pattern dovetails with those found for mating strategies in humans and mate preferences across species, highlighting the importance of sex ratio for understanding variation in human mate preferences.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- manželství MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
- poměr pohlaví * MeSH
- rozmnožování MeSH
- sexuální partneři MeSH
- výběrové chování MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Interpersonal touch behavior differs across cultures, yet no study to date has systematically tested for cultural variation in affective touch, nor examined the factors that might account for this variability. Here, over 14,000 individuals from 45 countries were asked whether they embraced, stroked, kissed, or hugged their partner, friends, and youngest child during the week preceding the study. We then examined a range of hypothesized individual-level factors (sex, age, parasitic history, conservatism, religiosity, and preferred interpersonal distance) and cultural-level factors (regional temperature, parasite stress, regional conservatism, collectivism, and religiosity) in predicting these affective-touching behaviors. Our results indicate that affective touch was most prevalent in relationships with partners and children, and its diversity was relatively higher in warmer, less conservative, and religious countries, and among younger, female, and liberal people. This research allows for a broad and integrated view of the bases of cross-cultural variability in affective touch.
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- dítě MeSH
- hmat * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náboženství MeSH
- srovnání kultur * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Olfaction plays an important role in human social communication, including multiple domains in which people often rely on their sense of smell in the social context. The importance of the sense of smell and its role can however vary inter-individually and culturally. Despite the growing body of literature on differences in olfactory performance or hedonic preferences across the globe, the aspects of a given culture as well as culturally universal individual differences affecting odor awareness in human social life remain unknown. Here, we conducted a large-scale analysis of data collected from 10 794 participants from 52 study sites from 44 countries all over the world. The aim of our research was to explore the potential individual and country-level correlates of odor awareness in the social context. The results show that the individual characteristics were more strongly related than country-level factors to self-reported odor awareness in different social contexts. A model including individual-level predictors (gender, age, material situation, education, and preferred social distance) provided a relatively good fit to the data, but adding country-level predictors (Human Development Index, population density, and average temperature) did not improve model parameters. Although there were some cross-cultural differences in social odor awareness, the main differentiating role was played by the individual differences. This suggests that people living in different cultures and different climate conditions may still share some similar patterns of odor awareness if they share other individual-level characteristics.
- MeSH
- čich fyziologie MeSH
- čichová percepce fyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metakognice fyziologie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- odoranty MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sociální chování * MeSH
- sociální normy MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Ciele. Cieľom tejto štúdie bolo: a) preskúmať vplyv jednoduchej heuristiky rozpoznania vo finančnom rozhodovaní pri výbere a hodnotení akcií a b) preskúmať, či osobná potreba štruktúry (PNS) súvisí s heuristickým spracovávaním v rozhodovaní. Súbor. Výskumná vzorka pozostávala z 204 univerzitných študentov viacerých študijných odborov. Participanti boli náhodne rozdelení do dvoch experimentálnych skupín, ktoré sa líšili v súbore akcií, ktoré mali hodnotiť. Hypotézy. Autori predpokladali, že participanti budú: a) hodnotiť akcie rozpoznaných známych svetových firiem ako menej rizikové, b) predikovať priaznivejší vývoj cien v budúcnosti v porovnaní s akciami nerozpoznaných firiem a c) preferovať rozpoznané akcie pri rozhodovaní o tom, do ktorej akcie by boli ochotní investovať. Taktiež predpokladali, že d) jednotlivci s vysokým PNS budú častejšie preferovať rozpoznané akcie pri rozhodovaní o výbere akcií v porovnaní s jednotlivcami s nízkym PNS. Štatistické analýzy. Pri testovaní hypotéz boli použité Studentov t-test, Wilcoxonov test a Pearsonov korelačný test. Výsledky. Pri poskytnutí piatich akcií neznámych a troch svetovo známych spoločností mali participanti tendenciu preferovať rozpoznané akcie, hodnotiť ich ako menej rizikové a predikovať rozpoznaným akciám priaznivejší budúci výnos. Navyše táto tendencia bola pozorovaná predovšetkým u participantov s veľmi vysokou potrebou štruktúry. Keď autori premenovali akcie neznámych firiem na svetovo známe firmy v kontrolnej skupine, rozdiel v preferencii, hodnotení rizikovosti a predikovaní budúcich výnosov sa nezistil. Limity štúdie. Dizajn výskumu neumožnil sledovať presnosť hodnotenia rizikovosti akcií a presnosť predikcií budúcich výnosov. Súbor pozostával iba zo študentov. Zaradenie finančných profesionálov a metódy scenárovej analýzy pri hodnotení rizikovosti akcií v ďalšom výskume by mohlo prispieť k vyššej externej validite experimentu.
Objectives. The aim of this study was: a) to investigate the influence of simple recognition heuristic on financial decision-making about the stock preference and evaluation, and b) to investigate whether the personal need for structure (PNS) is associated with heuristic processing. Sample and setting. The research sample consisted of 204 university students from various study fields. They were randomly divided into two experimental groups that differed in the stock set given. Hypotheses. It was assumed that participants would: a) evaluate the stocks of well-known companies as less risky, b) predict more favorable future price development compared to the unrecognized stocks, and c) prefer recognized stocks, when deciding which stock to choose. It was also assumed that d) individuals with high PNS would more often prefer recognized stocks when deciding which stock to choose compared to individuals with low PNS. Statistical analysis. The hypotheses were tested using Student’s t-test, Wilcoxon test and Pearson’s correlation test. Results. When deciding about the set of five unknown and three well-known stocks, participants tended to prefer the recognized stocks of well-known companies, they perceived them as less risky and they predicted more favorable future price development of these stocks. Moreover, the tendency to prefer the recognized stocks was mostly observed in participants with very high PNS. When the unknown stocks were renamed to well-known companies in the control group, differences in preference, risk evaluation, and price prediction were not observed. Study limitation. The design did not allow to examine the accuracy of the risk evaluation and price prediction. The research sample consisted of students only. Including financial professionals and scenario analysis method assessing risk evaluation could provide a better external validity of the experiment.
- Klíčová slova
- heuristika rozpoznávání, osobní potřeba struktury, finanční rozhodování,
- MeSH
- experimentální psychologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- hodnocení rizik * ekonomika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- osobní bankovnictví MeSH
- osobnost * MeSH
- podnikání * MeSH
- rozhodování MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odborná praxe MeSH
- profesionální vyhoření MeSH
- školitelé MeSH
- ukazatele zdravotního stavu MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osobnost MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
