Modern pesticides rapidly degrade after their application due to both physicochemical factors and through biotransformation. Consequently, pesticide residues in samples might be either undetectable or detected at low concentrations (≤10 μg/kg). Under such conditions, a monitoring of pesticide metabolites in samples might be a conceivable solution enabling the documentation of earlier pesticide use. Analysis of metabolites might pose analytical challenges because pesticide degradation leads to the production of a number of metabolites, differing somewhat in their structure and polarity. This study was focused on the determination of pesticide residues and their metabolites in samples of grapevine and wine using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, with the objective of supporting the possibility of the verification of the method of farming. It documents the identification of pesticide metabolites commonly used in conventional farming and provides a characterization of pesticide degradation during grapevine growth, maturation, and during the wine-making process.
- MeSH
- biozemědělství normy MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- ovoce chemie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- rezidua pesticidů analýza metabolismus MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- víno analýza MeSH
- Vitis chemie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Pesticide residues from the time of application until harvest were analysed for 20, 17 and 18 active insecticidal and fungicidal substances in Chinese cabbage, head cabbage and cauliflower, respectively. In total, 40 mathematical models of residue degradation were developed using a first-order kinetic equation, and from these models it was possible to forecast the action pre-harvest interval for a given action threshold for low-residue production in Brassica vegetables as a percentage of the maximum residue level. Additionally, it was possible to establish an action pre-harvest interval based on an action threshold of 0.01 mg kg(‒1) for the production of Brassica vegetables for baby food. Among the evaluated commodities, the speed of residue degradation was highest in head cabbage, medium in Chinese cabbage and lowest in cauliflower. The half-lives of pesticide in various vegetables were also determined: they ranged from 1.55 to 5.25 days in Chinese cabbage, from 0.47 to 6.54 days in head cabbage and from 1.88 to 7.22 days in cauliflower.
- MeSH
- Brassica chemie MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- průmyslové fungicidy analýza MeSH
- rezidua pesticidů analýza MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Čína MeSH
Passive sampling techniques have been increasingly used to evaluate pollution of various environmental compartments. In many studies, fish and other aquatic biota have been monitored to assess the bioavailable fraction of pollutants. This review discusses the potential of two types of passive sampling devices (SPMD and Chemcatcher), which may serve as an efficient tool for monitoring of environmental pollutants, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCP), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in river waters, sediments and soil. Purification of SPMD extracts was performed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). For identification and quantification GC/MS was used. Passive sampling devices are suitable tools for routine monitoring of environmental pollution enabling the examination of environmental matrices without repeated sampling and analyzing high water volumes.
Three alternative procedures were employed for the isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 15 of 16 US EPA priority pollutants and benzo[e]pyrene), their methyl-derivatives and sulphur analogues from fish tissue: (1) Soxhlet extraction, (2) batch extraction enhanced by sonication, and (3) saponification of the sample followed by re-extraction of analytes into hexane. Soxhlet extraction using hexane-acetone (1:1, v/v) was the most efficient extraction technique, with analyte recoveries in the range 70-108%. Within optimization of the clean-up step, several types of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) systems were tested: two types of polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer gels (PSDVB), both 'soft' gel type (Bio-Beads S-X3) and 'rigid' gels type (PL gel and Envirogel) in combination with various mobile phases were compared. Bio-Beads S-X3 and mobile phase chloroform were the most appropriate for purifying of crude extracts before the final determinative step. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection (HPLC/FLD) was used for identification and quantification of PAHs in purified fish extracts. The uncertainties of PAHs measurements were estimated by employing two alternative approaches. Both provided similar results: the expanded uncertainties obtained for individual PAHs by the 'top-down' approach were in the range 9-53%, their values resulting from application of the 'bottom-up' approach were in the range 16-52%.
- MeSH
- chloroform MeSH
- gelová chromatografie metody MeSH
- indikátory a reagencie MeSH
- karcinogeny životního prostředí analýza MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- mutageny analýza MeSH
- noxy analýza MeSH
- Perciformes MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza MeSH
- polystyreny MeSH
- rozpouštědla MeSH
- rybí výrobky analýza MeSH
- vibrace ultrazvukové MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- MeSH
- biologické markery analýza MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- chlorované uhlovodíky analýza MeSH
- Cyprinidae MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 metabolismus MeSH
- endokrinní disruptory MeSH
- fenoly analýza MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- játra enzymologie MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- pyreny analýza MeSH
- řeky MeSH
- rtuť analýza MeSH
- svaly chemie MeSH
- testosteron analogy a deriváty krev MeSH
- vitelogeniny krev MeSH
- žluč MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
