This study aimed to determine whether electrical stimulation-based twitch exercise is effective in inhibiting the progression of immobilization-induced muscle fibrosis. 19 Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group (n=6), an immobilization group (n=6; with immobilization only), and a Belt group (n=7; with immobilization and twitch exercise through the belt electrode device, beginning 2 weeks after immobilization). The bilateral soleus muscles were harvested after the experimental period. The right soleus muscles were used for histological analysis, and the left soleus muscles were used for biochemical and molecular biological analysis. As a result, in the picrosirius red images, the perimysium and endomysium were thicker in both the immobilization and Belt groups compared to the control group. However, the perimysium and endomysium thickening were suppressed in the Belt group. The hydroxyproline content and alpha-SMA, TGF-beta1, and HIF-1alpha mRNA expressions were significantly higher in the immobilization and belt groups than in the control group. These expressions were significantly lower in the Belt group than in the immobilization group. The capillary-to-myofiber ratio and the mRNA expressions of VEGF and PGC-1alpha were significantly lower in the immobilization and belt groups than in the control group, these were significantly higher in the Belt group than in the immobilization group. From these results, Electrical stimulation-based twitch exercise using the belt electrode device may prevent the progression of immobilization-induced muscle fibrosis caused by downregulating PGC-1alpha/VEGF pathway, we surmised that this intervention strategy might be effective against the progression of muscle contracture. Keywords: Immobilization, Skeletal muscle, Fibrosis, Electrical stimulation-based twitch exercise, PGC-1alpha/VEGF pathway.
- MeSH
- down regulace * MeSH
- elektrická stimulace MeSH
- elektrostimulační terapie metody MeSH
- fibróza * MeSH
- kondiční příprava zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- kosterní svaly * metabolismus patologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- nemoci svalů metabolismus patologie prevence a kontrola etiologie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- PPARGC1A * metabolismus MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- signální transdukce fyziologie MeSH
- vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Although electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) of skeletal muscle effectively prevents muscle atrophy, its effect on the breakdown of muscle component proteins is unknown. In this study, we investigated the biological mechanisms by which EMS-induced muscle contraction inhibits disuse muscle atrophy progression. Experimental animals were divided into a control group and three experimental groups: immobilized (Im; immobilization treatment), low-frequency (LF; immobilization treatment and low-frequency muscle contraction exercise), and high-frequency (HF; immobilization treatment and high-frequency muscle contraction exercise). Following the experimental period, bilateral soleus muscles were collected and analyzed. Atrogin-1 and Muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF-1) mRNA expression levels were significantly higher for the experimental groups than for the control group but were significantly lower for the HF group than for the Im group. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) mRNA and protein expression levels in the HF group were significantly higher than those in the Im group, with no significant differences compared to the Con group. Both the Forkhead box O (FoxO)/phosphorylated FoxO and protein kinase B (AKT)/phosphorylated AKT ratios were significantly lower for the Im group than for the control group and significantly higher for the HF group than for the Im group. These results, the suppression of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expression for the HF group may be due to decreased nuclear expression of FoxO by AKT phosphorylation and suppression of FoxO transcriptional activity by PGC-1alpha. Furthermore, the number of muscle contractions might be important for effective EMS.
- MeSH
- kosterní svaly metabolismus MeSH
- messenger RNA metabolismus MeSH
- PPAR gama metabolismus MeSH
- PPARGC1A metabolismus MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny c-akt * metabolismus MeSH
- svalová atrofie prevence a kontrola genetika metabolismus MeSH
- svalové proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- transkripční faktory * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Popsán fatální případ abúzu sirupu proti kašli, obsahující chlorpheniramin a dihydrokodein. Koncentrace chorpheniraminu po smrti byla v krvi nad smrtící úrovní, ale koncentrace dihydrokodeinu byla v terapeutickém pásmu a tyto hodnoty byly diskutovány z hlediska forenzní farmakokinetiky. Usuzujeme, že příčinou smrti byla otrava chlorpheniraminem.
We describe here a fatal abused case of cough syrup, containing chlorpheniramine and dihydrocodeine. Postmortem blood concentration of chlorpheniramine was above fatal levels, but dihydrocodeine concentration was within a therapeutic ranges, and those drug levels in blood were discussed from the viewpoint of forensic pharmacokinetics. We concluded that the cause death was due to the chlorpheniramine poisoning.
- Klíčová slova
- abusus sirupu proti kašli, chlorpheniramin, dihydrokodein,
- MeSH
- antitusika * aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- chlorfeniramin * aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kodein aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek * etiologie komplikace mortalita MeSH
- příčina smrti * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Je prezentován smrtelný případ v souvislosti s těžkou methemoglobinemií. Muž o svých čtyřicátinách byl nalezen ve svém domě v bezvědomí a přes intenzivní péči byla konstatována smrt o 11 hodin později. Toxikologická analýza s užitím iontové chromatografie odhalila přítomnost chlorátu v žaludečním obsahu. Nicméně chlorát nebyl prokázán v krvi ani jiná droga nebo ethanol. Na základě pitvy a toxikologického vyšetření jsem uzavřeli, že příčinou smrti byla pravděpodobně otrava chlorátem.
A fatal case due to severe methemoglobinemia is presented. A male in his forties was found unconscious in his house and, despite intensive care, death was confirmed approximately 11 hours later. Toxicological analysis using ion chromatography revealed the presence of chlorate in the stomach contents. However, chlorate was not detected in the blood, and no other drugs or ethanol were detected in the blood either. We concluded that the cause of death was presumably due to chlorate poisoning, based on the results of the autopsy and the toxicological examination.
- Klíčová slova
- iontová chromatografie,
- MeSH
- chlorečnany izolace a purifikace škodlivé účinky MeSH
- chromatografie iontoměničová metody využití MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fatální výsledek MeSH
- gastrointestinální obsah chemie MeSH
- hypoxie etiologie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methemoglobinemie diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- otrava MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody využití MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
