- Keywords
- peruánská kůra,
- MeSH
- Anopheles physiology metabolism drug effects MeSH
- Antimalarials MeSH
- Quinine * pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- DDT pharmacology adverse effects MeSH
- Insecticides * adverse effects MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Malaria * history etiology mortality prevention & control MeSH
- Wetlands MeSH
- Plasmodium growth & development MeSH
- Insecticide Resistance MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
Longstanding industrial deposits of 1-chloro-4-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene (DDT) impose environmental threat in Salamanca city, located in central Mexico. Native bacteria from this location were isolated and identified, and their potential utility for DDT biodegradation was examined. Twenty-five isolates were obtained, and cell lysates were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with BiotyperTR; twenty-one organisms were identified at species level, and the other four were assigned to genus. The most abundant species corresponded to Bacillus (44%) and Pseudomonas genera (20%). Eight bacteria could grow in the presence of 200 mg/L of DDT. Two-week exposure of Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus cereus to DDT 50 mg/L and 200 mg/L, caused percentage pesticide degradation in the range 41-48% and 26-31%, respectively. Other four bacteria presented lower degradation rates. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the spent media revealed that eight isolates assisted the conversion of DDT, DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane), and DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene) to DDMU (1,1-(2-chloro-1,1-ethenediyl)-bis-(4-chlorobenzene)); however, DDNU (2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene), DBP (4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methanone)) and DBH (bis(4-chlorophenyl)methanol) were found only for L. fusiformis, B. mycoides, B. cereus, B. marisflavi, and B. megaterium. Within the context of DDT biodegradation, the first three were the most promising isolates and further studies will be aimed at setting the experimental conditions for efficient mineralization of DDT congeners.
- MeSH
- Bacillaceae * isolation & purification metabolism MeSH
- Bacillus * isolation & purification metabolism MeSH
- Bacteria * chemistry classification MeSH
- Biodegradation, Environmental MeSH
- DDT * metabolism MeSH
- Mass Spectrometry * MeSH
- Environmental Pollutants metabolism MeSH
- Environmental Microbiology * MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Mexico MeSH
Many compounds have the potential to harm pancreatic beta-cells; organochlorine pollutants belong to those compounds. In this work, we aimed to find markers of acute toxicity of p,p'-DDT exposure among proteins expressed in NES2Y human pancreatic beta-cells employing 2-D electrophoresis. We exposed NES2Y cells to a high concentration (150 μM, LC96 after 72 hours) of p,p'-DDT for 24 and 30 hours and determined proteins with changed expression using 2-D electrophoresis. We have found 22 proteins that changed their expression. They included proteins involved in ER stress (GRP78, and endoplasmin), mitochondrial proteins (GRP75, ECHM, IDH3A, NDUS1, and NDUS3), proteins involved in the maintenance of the cell morphology (EFHD2, TCPA, NDRG1, and ezrin), and some other proteins (HNRPF, HNRH1, K2C8, vimentin, PBDC1, EF2, PCNA, biliverdin reductase, G3BP1, FRIL, and HSP27). The proteins we have identified may serve as indicators of p,p'-DDT toxicity in beta-cells in future studies, including long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations.
- MeSH
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional MeSH
- Insulin-Secreting Cells cytology drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Biomarkers metabolism MeSH
- Cell Line MeSH
- DDT toxicity MeSH
- Mass Spectrometry MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Proteomics methods MeSH
- Gene Expression Regulation drug effects MeSH
- Cell Survival drug effects MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Laboratory studies of pollutant uptake kinetics commonly start shortly after experimental soil contamination when it is not clear if the processes between soil and chemicals are equilibrated and stabilized. For instance, when the concentration in soil quickly decreases due to initial biodegradation, bioaccumulation may show a peak-shape accumulation curve instead of conventional first order kinetics with a plateau at the end. The results of such experiments with soil freshly contaminated in the laboratory are then hardly comparable to bioaccumulation observed in soils from historically contaminated sites. Therefore, our study focused on the uptake kinetics of four hydrophobic organic compounds (pyrene, lindane, p,p'-DDT and PCB 153) in two laboratory-contaminated natural soils with different soil properties (e.g. total organic carbon content of 1.6 and 9.3%) aged for 203 days to mimic long-term contamination. For pyrene, the results surprisingly showed peak-shape accumulation curves despite long aging. It seems compound biodegradation might be significant in aged soils when the conditions change (e.g. by distribution to the experimental vessels) and this should be also considered when testing historically contaminated soils. For lindane, longer aging seems to guarantee stability of the soil-compound-earthworm system and the steady state was reached after 5 days of exposure. Furthermore, although concentrations of p,p'-DDT and PCB 153 in earthworms after 11-15-day exposure did not statistically differ, which is a commonly-used indicator that a steady state was reached, they continuously increased until the end of the exposure. Therefore, despite the aging, longer exposure was probably needed to reach the true equilibrium between concentrations in earthworms and soil. In summary, aging does not warranty the conventional first order kinetic curve with the equilibrium at the end of the exposure but may have diverse effects for compounds with different environmental properties and should be taken into account in the bioaccumulation factor calculation and the risk assessment.
- MeSH
- DDT pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Hexachlorocyclohexane pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions MeSH
- Kinetics MeSH
- Soil Pollutants chemistry pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Oligochaeta metabolism MeSH
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Pyrenes pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) gradually accumulate in the human organism due to their presence in the environment. Some studies have described a correlation between the level of POPs in the human body and the incidence of diabetes, but we know little about the direct effect of POPs on pancreatic beta-cells. We exposed pancreatic beta-cells INS1E to non-lethal concentrations of p,p'-DDT (1,1'-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene)) and p,p'-DDE (1,1'-(2,2-dichloroethene-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene)) for 1 month, and assessed changes in protein expression and the intracellular insulin level. 2-D electrophoresis revealed 6 proteins with changed expression in cells exposed to p,p'-DDT or p,p'-DDE. One of the detected proteins - vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) - was upregulated in both cells exposed to p,p'-DDT, and cells exposed to p,p'-DDE. Both exposures to pollutants reduced the intracellular level of insulin mRNA, proinsulin, and insulin monomer; p,p'-DDT also slightly reduced the level of hexameric insulin. Overexpression of VDBP caused by the stable transfection of beta-cells with the gene for VDBP decreased both the proinsulin and hexameric insulin level in beta-cells similarly to the reduction detected in cells exposed to p,p'-DDT. Our data suggest that in the cells exposed to p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE, the increased VDBP protein level decreased the proinsulin expression in an unknown mechanism.
- MeSH
- Insulin-Secreting Cells drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Cell Line MeSH
- DDT toxicity MeSH
- Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene toxicity MeSH
- Insulin metabolism MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Environmental Pollutants toxicity MeSH
- Vitamin D-Binding Protein metabolism MeSH
- Toxicity Tests, Subchronic MeSH
- Up-Regulation drug effects MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Monitoring the contamination level in aquatic environments and assessing the impact on aquatic life occurs throughout the world. In the present study, an approach based on a combination of biomarkers and the distribution of various industrial and municipal pollutants was used to investigate the effect of aquatic environmental contamination on fish. Monitoring was performed in ten rivers in the Czech Republic (Berounka, Dyje, Elbe, Lužnice, Odra, Ohře, Otava, Sázava, Svratka, and Vltava rivers, with one or two locations in each river) at the same sites that were regularly monitored within the Czech National Monitoring Program in 2007-2011. Health status, hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, total cytochrome P450 content, and the plasma vitellogenin concentration were assessed in wild chub (Squalius cephalus) males caught at the monitored sites. The contamination level was the highest in the Svratka River downstream of Brno. Among all measured persistent organic pollutants (POPs), polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites were the major contributors of POPs in fish muscle. Elbe, Odra, and Svratka rivers were identified as the most polluted. Fish from these locations showed reduced gonad size, increased vitellogenin concentration in male plasma, EROD, and total cytochrome P450 content. These biomarkers can be used for future environmental monitoring assessments. Overall, this study improves our understanding of the relationship between human activities and pollutant loads and further contributes to the decision to support local watershed managers to protect water quality in this region.
- MeSH
- Principal Component Analysis MeSH
- Biomarkers metabolism MeSH
- Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis MeSH
- Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated analysis MeSH
- Cyprinidae * MeSH
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 metabolism MeSH
- DDT analysis MeSH
- Liver drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Water Quality MeSH
- Environmental Monitoring * MeSH
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls analysis MeSH
- Rivers chemistry MeSH
- Fishes metabolism MeSH
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System metabolism MeSH
- Vitellogenins blood MeSH
- Environmental Pollution MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Despite not being used for decades in most countries, DDT remains ubiquitous in soils due to its persistence and intense past usage. Because of this it is still a pollutant of high global concern. Assessing long term dissipation of DDT from this reservoir is fundamental to understand future environmental and human exposure. Despite a large research effort, key properties controlling fate in soil (in particular, the degradation half-life (τsoil)) are far from being fully quantified. This paper describes a case study in a large central European catchment where hundreds of measurements of p,p'-DDT concentrations in air, soil, river water and sediment are available for the last two decades. The goal was to deliver an integrated estimation of τsoil by constraining a state-of-the-art hydrobiogeochemical-multimedia fate model of the catchment against the full body of empirical data available for this area. The INCA-Contaminants model was used for this scope. Good predictive performance against an (external) dataset of water and sediment concentrations was achieved with partitioning properties taken from the literature and τsoil estimates obtained from forcing the model against empirical historical data of p,p'-DDT in the catchment multicompartments. This approach allowed estimation of p,p'-DDT degradation in soil after taking adequate consideration of losses due to runoff and volatilization. Estimated τsoil ranged over 3000-3800 days. Degradation was the most important loss process, accounting on a yearly basis for more than 90% of the total dissipation. The total dissipation flux from the catchment soils was one order of magnitude higher than the total current atmospheric input estimated from atmospheric concentrations, suggesting that the bulk of p,p'-DDT currently being remobilized or lost is essentially that accumulated over two decades ago.
- MeSH
- Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis MeSH
- Models, Chemical MeSH
- DDT analysis MeSH
- Geologic Sediments chemistry MeSH
- Hydrology MeSH
- Soil Pollutants analysis MeSH
- Air Pollutants analysis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Environmental Monitoring methods MeSH
- Soil chemistry MeSH
- Rivers chemistry MeSH
- Environmental Exposure MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers were deployed concurrently at five sites across Kolkata megacity and the rural mangrove wetland of Sundarban (UNESCO World Heritage Site) between January-March in 2014. Samples were analyzed for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltricholoroethanes (DDTs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Derived air concentrations (pg/m(3)) for Kolkata ranged: for ∑α- and γ-HCH between 70 and 207 (114 ± 62), ∑6DDTs: 127-216 (161 ± 36), ∑7PCBs: 53-213 (141 ± 64), and ∑10PBDEs: 0.30-23 (11 ± 9). Low values for all the studied POPs were recorded in the remote area of the Sundarban site (with the exception of DDTs: o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT), where ∑4DDTs was 161 ± 36. In particular, the site of Ballygunge, located in the southern part of Kolkata, showed the highest level of all the metabolites/congeners of POPs, suggesting a potential hot spot of usage and emissions. From HCHs, α-/γ-HCH isomers ratio was low (0.67-1.96) indicating a possible sporadic source of lindane. γ-HCH dominated the HCH signal (at 3 sites) reflecting wide spread use of lindane both in Kolkata and the Sundarban region; however, isomeric composition in Kolkata also suggests potential technical HCHs use. Among DDT metabolites, both o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT shared the dominant percentages accounting for ∼26-46% of total DDTs followed by p,p'-DDE (∼12-19%). The PCB congener profile was dominated by tri- and tetra-Cl at the southern and eastern part of Kolkata. These results are one of the few contributions that reports air concentrations of POPs, concurrently, at urban and remote villages in India. These data are useful to assess atmospheric pollution levels and to motivate local and regional authorities to better understand the potential human exposure risk associated to urban areas in India.
- MeSH
- DDT analysis MeSH
- Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers analysis MeSH
- Hexachlorocyclohexane analysis MeSH
- Air Pollutants analysis MeSH
- Wetlands MeSH
- Environmental Monitoring MeSH
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls analysis MeSH
- Cities MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- India MeSH
- Cities MeSH
Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were measured for an entire year in the region of Tuscany, Italy. Passive air samplers consisting of polyurethane foam (PUF) disks were deployed over four sampling periods of 3-5 months from April 2008 to July 2009 in urban (n = 6) and rural (n = 4) sites. The aim of the study was to characterize the spatial and seasonal variations in selected POPs. The POP concentrations (pg m(-3)) in the air were dominated by dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDTs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (∑7PCBs). DDTs, and ∑7PCBs showed a clear decreasing urban > rural gradient. The concentrations of DDTs and PCBs were up to 10 and 6 times higher, respectively, in urban sites than in rural sites. ∑7PCBs showed a significant correlation with the urbanized areas located <5 km around the sampling sites. For hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), α-HCH concentrations were similar at both sampling sites and were found to be quite uniform during the four sampling periods. Seasonal fluctuations were observed for DDTs, and ∑7PCBs, with the highest concentrations observed during period 4 (summer-spring); this is most likely due to a temperature-driven re-emission from local sources. These findings were also supported by an air back trajectory analysis in the study area. This study contributes new information about POP levels in the Italian atmosphere and demonstrates the feasibility of using PUF disks to simultaneously assess seasonal concentrations at different sampling sites.
- MeSH
- Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated analysis chemistry MeSH
- DDT analysis chemistry MeSH
- Hexachlorocyclohexane analysis chemistry MeSH
- Air Pollutants analysis chemistry MeSH
- Environmental Monitoring methods MeSH
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls analysis chemistry MeSH
- Polyurethanes chemistry MeSH
- Seasons * MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Italy MeSH
