Dirofilarióza je parazitární onemocnění psů (ale také například fretek, koček, lišek a lidí) způsobené parazitem Dirofilaria immitis a Dirofilaria repens. Pes je v našich podmínkách jediným definitivním hostitelem, který je zároveň jediným rezervoárem. Pro přenos infekce jsou také nezbytní komáři rodů Aedes, Anopheles a Culex. Z hlediska šíření je významná hlavně teplota prostředí: při teplotě nad 14 °C v komárech dochází k vývoji larev. V Èeské republice byl první výskyt dirofilariózy zaznamenán v roce 1997. Od té doby byl potvrzen výskyt dirofilárií u psů žijících převážně na jižní Moravě. Významný vliv na rostoucí počet onemocnění má cestování se psy do oblastí s rizikem nákazy, globální oteplování a migrace zvířat z míst výskytu. Jako nejlepší ochrana před nákazou dirofiláriemi se doporučuje dodržovat zásady prevence, mezi které patří používání antiparazitik (hlavně v sezóně výskytu komárů).
Dirofilariasis is dog parasitic disease (for example too for ferrets, cats, foxes and dogs) caused by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens. The only definitive host and reservoir is dog. For disease transmission are necessary mosquitoes from genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex. For transmission is most important environment temperature, because the temperature affects larvae maturation in mosquitos. The maturation is possible in temperatures over 14 °C. In Czech Republic was the first positive dog detected in 1997. From this year was detected positives dogs mostly in South Moravia. The important factor of raising number of positive dogs is traveling in to the endemic areas, global warming and animal migration from endemic areas. The best protection from dirofilariasis is prevention like antiparasitic treatment (most in mosquito season).
Based on previously published data, the Czech Republic is regarded an endemic country of the onchocercid nematodes Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) and Dirofilaria repens Railliet et Henry, 1911. Nevertheless, while cases of D. repens are commonly reported from dogs in South Moravia, no recent records of D. immitis are available. Therefore, the present study was performed to clarify the occurrence of both species of Dirofilaria Railliet et Henry, 1910. Blood samples of 551 dogs sampled during 2015 and 2016 were analysed microscopically for presence of microfilariae and blood sera were examined by IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® test (IDEXX, USA). DNA from blood of microscopically positive dogs was extracted and PCR protocol amplifying fragment of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene was performed; PCR products were then sequenced. All dogs from the Bohemian part of the Czech Republic were negative. The prevalence of D. repens in the Moravian region was 5.7 % (27/476). BLAST analyses of obtained sequences confirmed the presence of D. repens (99-100% identical to KX265049). All sampled animals showed a negative result for D. immitis antigen in IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® test. Our study confirmed the previously reported occurrence of D. repens in South Moravia and revealed its spreading from the epicentre to the north and west. PCR with subsequent sequencing together with negative results for D. immitis antigen in IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® test revealed only D. repens infection. A previously published autochthonous infection of dogs with D. immitis in South Moravia was not confirmed.
- MeSH
- Dirofilaria immitis * genetika MeSH
- Dirofilaria repens * genetika MeSH
- dirofilarióza * epidemiologie MeSH
- nemoci psů * epidemiologie MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis are the most common filarial species affecting humans in Europe. Dirofilaria repens causes subcutaneous or ocular infection, whereas D. immitis is responsible mainly for the pulmonary form. In this report, we present the first human case of periorbital dirofilariasis in the Czech Republic. A 58-year-old woman suffered from an eyelid oedema, redness and pain in the left eye. After excising the parasite from her eyelid, all clinical symptoms disappeared. Based on the morphology and cytochrome oxidase I sequencing, the parasite was identified as D. repens. Histology revealed that the excised worm was female with absent microfilariae in uteri. With respect to the length of the incubation period and the sequence identity with a known Czech isolate, we concluded that D. repens was most likely of autochthonous origin.
- MeSH
- cyklooxygenasa 1 genetika MeSH
- Dirofilaria repens cytologie genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- dirofilarióza parazitologie patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrofilárie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- oční infekce parazitární parazitologie patologie MeSH
- proteiny červů genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- emerging infectious diseases,
- MeSH
- babezióza epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- Dermacentor parazitologie patogenita MeSH
- dirofilarióza epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
- leishmanióza epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- parazitární nemoci u zvířat * epidemiologie MeSH
- přenos infekční nemoci veterinární MeSH
- psi MeSH
- Thelazioidea parazitologie patogenita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Dirofilaria repens is a nematode affecting domestic and wild canids, transmitted by several species of mosquitoes. It usually causes a non-pathogenic subcutaneous infection in dogs and is the principal agent of human dirofilariosis in the Old World. In the last decades, D. repens has increased in prevalence in areas where it has already been reported and its distribution range has expanded into new areas of Europe, representing a paradigmatic example of an emergent pathogen. Despite its emergence and zoonotic impact, D. repens has received less attention by scientists compared to Dirofilaria immitis. In this review we report the recent advances of D. repens infection in dogs and humans, and transmission by vectors, and discuss possible factors that influence the spread and increase of this zoonotic parasite in Europe. There is evidence that D. repens has spread faster than D. immitis from the endemic areas of southern Europe to northern Europe. Climate change affecting mosquito vectors and the facilitation of pet travel seem to have contributed to this expansion; however, in the authors' opinion, the major factor is likely the rate of undiagnosed dogs continuing to perpetuate the life-cycle of D. repens. Many infected dogs remain undetected due to the subclinical nature of the disease, the lack of rapid and reliable diagnostic tools and the poor knowledge and still low awareness of D. repens in non-endemic areas. Improved diagnostic tools are warranted to bring D. repens diagnosis to the state of D. immitis diagnosis, as well as improved screening of imported dogs and promotion of preventative measures among veterinarians and dog owners. For vector-borne diseases involving pets, veterinarians play a significant role in prevention and should be more aware of their responsibility in reducing the impact of the zoonotic agents. In addition, they should enhance multisectorial collaboration with medical entomologists and the public health experts, under the concept and the actions of One Health-One Medicine.
- MeSH
- Culicidae parazitologie fyziologie MeSH
- Dirofilaria repens klasifikace genetika růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace MeSH
- dirofilarióza epidemiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- hmyz - vektory parazitologie fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci psů epidemiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
We report the distribution of mosquitoes of the maculipennis complex in two distinct areas of the Czech Republic (Bohemia and South Moravia) and in one locality of neighbouring Slovakia with emphasis on the detection of the newly described cryptic species Anopheles daciae (Linton, Nicolescu & Harbach, 2004). A total of 691 mosquitoes were analysed using a species-specific multiplex PCR assay to differentiate between the members of the maculipennis complex. In the Czech Republic, we found Anopheles maculipennis (with a prevalence rate of 1.4%), Anopheles messeae (49.0%) and Anopheles daciae (49.6%). In Slovakia, only An. messeae (52.1%) and An. daciae (47.9%) were detected. In this study, An. daciae was documented for the first time in the two countries where it represented a markedly higher proportion of maculipennis complex species (with an overall prevalence almost reaching 50%) in comparison to previous reports from Germany, Romania and Poland. The determination of the differential distribution of maculipennis complex species will contribute to assessing risks of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria or dirofilariasis.
- MeSH
- Anopheles parazitologie MeSH
- Culicidae parazitologie MeSH
- dirofilarióza epidemiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- hmyz - vektory parazitologie MeSH
- malárie epidemiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Slovenská republika epidemiologie MeSH
Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens are mosquito-borne nematodes, primarily infecting dogs, but also other species of carnivores and even humans. Given their impact on animal and human health, the transmission of these filarioids has been widely studied. The microfilariaemia has been shown to have a circadian variation for both Dirofilaria species infecting dogs. Due to methodological difficulties, the periodicity was only studied using venous blood samples, while the mosquitoes feed, in fact, on capillary blood. In this context, the present study aimed to test the feasibility of using triatomine bugs for the collection of capillary blood and to comparatively evaluate the level of microfilariaemia and its circadian variation in capillary blood vs. peripheral venous blood in a dog naturally co-infected with D. immitis and D. repens. The results showed a feeding success of 50%, with variations in the blood meal volume that the bugs ingested. The relative values of microfilariaemia (mf/bug) were strongly correlated with the volume of blood recovered: the more blood recovered from each bug, the higher values of microfilariaemia in the evening samples while the opposite results were obtained for the morning samples. The counting of microfilariae revealed a dominance of D. immitis in all the samples, but with significantly higher microfilariaemia in the venous blood. Meanwhile, for D. repens, the situation was opposite, with higher counts in the capillary blood samples. Our study showed that triatomine bugs can be used as a model for the collection and study of microfilariaemia in the capillary blood in mammals.
- MeSH
- cirkadiánní rytmus MeSH
- Dirofilaria immitis izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- Dirofilaria repens izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- dirofilarióza diagnóza parazitologie MeSH
- kapiláry parazitologie MeSH
- koinfekce diagnóza parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- mikrofilárie klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- nemoci psů diagnóza parazitologie MeSH
- odběr vzorku krve metody veterinární MeSH
- parazitemie diagnóza parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- psi MeSH
- studie proveditelnosti MeSH
- Triatominae * MeSH
- vény parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Despite long-term research on dirofilariosis in Slovakia, little attention has thus far been paid to Dirofilaria vectors. The particular aim of the present study was molecular screening for filarioid parasites in two different habitats of Bratislava, the capital city of Slovakia. In addition, the effect of urbanisation on mosquito species abundance and composition, associated with the risk of mosquito-borne infections, was studied and discussed. METHODS: Mosquitoes were identified by morphological features, and molecular methods were also used for determination of selected individuals belonging to cryptic species from the Anopheles maculipennis and Culex pipiens complexes. The presence of filarioid DNA (Dirofilaria repens, Dirofilaria immitis and Setaria spp.) was detected using standard PCR approaches and sequencing. RESULTS: A total of 6957 female mosquitoes were collected for the study. Overall, the most abundant mosquito species was Aedes vexans, closely followed by unidentified members of the Cx. pipiens complex and the less numerous but still plentiful Ochlerotatus sticticus species. Further investigation of mosquito material revealed 4.26% relative prevalence of Dirofilaria spp., whereby both species, D. repens and D. immitis, were identified. The majority of positive mosquito pools had their origin in a floodplain area on the outskirts of the city, with a relative prevalence of 5.32%; only two mosquito pools (1.26%) were shown to be positive in the residential zone of Bratislava. Setaria spp. DNA was not detected in mosquitoes within this study. CONCLUSIONS: The study presented herein represents initial research focused on molecular mosquito screening for filarioid parasites in urban and urban-fringe habitats of Bratislava, Slovakia. Molecular analyses within the Cx. pipiens complex identified two biotypes: Cx. pipiens biotype pipiens and Cx. pipiens biotype molestus. To our knowledge, Dirofilaria spp. were detected for the first time in Slovakia in mosquitoes other than Ae. vexans, i.e. D. repens in Anopheles messeae and unidentified members of An. maculipennis and Cx. pipiens complexes, and D. immitis in Coquillettidia richiardii and Cx. pipiens biotype pipiens. Both dirofilarial species were found in Och. sticticus. The suitable conditions for the vectors' biology would represent the main risk factor for dirofilariosis transmission.
- MeSH
- Anopheles anatomie a histologie klasifikace genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- Culex anatomie a histologie klasifikace genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- Dirofilaria immitis genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Dirofilaria repens genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- dirofilarióza epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- komáří přenašeči anatomie a histologie klasifikace genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- populační dynamika * MeSH
- Setaria (Nematoda) genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- setariáza epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- urbanizace * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- tkáňoví paraziti,
- MeSH
- alergie MeSH
- Amoeba klasifikace patogenita MeSH
- Anoplura účinky léků MeSH
- cerkárie patogenita MeSH
- dirofilarióza etiologie patologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- echinokokóza etiologie přenos MeSH
- giardiáza MeSH
- infestace roztoči klasifikace komplikace patologie MeSH
- komunikace MeSH
- kryptosporidióza diagnóza terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrosporidióza etiologie MeSH
- parazitární nemoci střev epidemiologie klasifikace MeSH
- parazitární nemoci * diagnóza epidemiologie imunologie klasifikace MeSH
- Pneumocystis carinii patogenita MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- protozoální infekce klasifikace MeSH
- schistosomóza parazitologie patologie terapie MeSH
- toxokaróza diagnóza etiologie patologie MeSH
- Toxoplasma patogenita MeSH
- toxoplazmóza komplikace patologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- zoonózy MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- dirofilarióza diagnóza MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Izrael MeSH
