This paper explores to what extent product and marketing channel diversification contributed to the economic success of small-scale agricultural producers involved in short food supply chains after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was conducted between April and July 2020 in four countries of the European Union-Estonia, Hungary, Portugal and Romania,-resulting in a relatively large sample of farmers (N = 421). The analysis was built on a semi-nonparametric approach. Approximately 19 percent of small-scale producers were able to increase sales during the first wave of the pandemic, although country-level variation was significant. Fruits and vegetables were by far the most popular products. The importance of specific channels varied across countries, but farm gate sales were among the most important marketing channels both before and during the first wave. The importance of channels that were based on digital resources and home delivery increased. Our evidence indicates that diversification was a strategy that paid off, both in terms of marketing channels and different product categories. However, the impact appears to be nonlinear; the initial advantage generated by diversification rapidly tapered off, either temporarily (in the case of products), or permanently (in the case of marketing channels). Later research may clarify whether these findings are generalizable in other socio-economic contexts, as well as in a non-COVID situation.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 ekonomika epidemiologie MeSH
- ekonomické modely * MeSH
- karanténa ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- zemědělci psychologie MeSH
- zemědělství metody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- MeSH
- bezpečnost potravin MeSH
- chování spotřebitelů * ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- potravinářský průmysl * ekonomika organizace a řízení statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- potraviny * statistika a číselné údaje využití MeSH
- zemědělství * ekonomika organizace a řízení statistika a číselné údaje trendy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Central and Eastern Europe has among the highest rates of renal cell cancer worldwide. Few studies have been conducted in these areas to investigate the possible role of occupational exposures in renal cell cancer aetiology. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of renal cell cancer with employment in specific occupations and industries. METHODS: From 1999 to 2003, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study in seven areas of the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania and Russia. A detailed occupational history was collected from renal cell cancer cases and controls, together with information on potential confounders. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI of cancer risk were calculated for having ever been employed in selected jobs and industries, with follow-up analyses examining duration of employment. RESULTS: A total of 992 histologically confirmed incident renal cell cancer cases and 1459 controls were included in the analysis. An increased risk of renal cell cancer was observed for workers in agricultural labour and animal husbandry (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.93), particularly among women employed as general farm workers (OR 2.73; 95% CI 1.05 to 7.13). Risk gradients for agricultural work increased with longer employment. An overall increased risk of renal cell cancer was seen among architects and engineers (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.35 to 2.65), and mechanical engineers (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.84). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest an association between renal cell cancer and agricultural work, particularly among female workers.
- MeSH
- architektura statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- inženýrství statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- karcinom z renálních buněk epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory ledvin epidemiologie MeSH
- nemoci z povolání epidemiologie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- zaměstnání statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zemědělství statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Polsko MeSH
- Rumunsko MeSH
- Rusko MeSH
The health risks among children in “new” and “old” members of the European Union seem to be different. Farms are the most frequent place of injuries among children living in rural areas in Poland. Our aim is to present data on the farm-related injuries conditions among children aged 6–15 in one large region in Poland. The analysis has been made on the basis of information collected from the Farmers’ Insurance Fund in Włocławek, which registers all farm-related injuries reported within the Włocławek Province. Over the 10-year study period 449 injuries were recorded (1.29 injuries per 1000 person-years). Among all victims there were 132 girls (29.4% of the total) and 317 boys. 14-year-old children fell victims of injuries most frequently (20.0% of all injuries). The highest number of injuries was recorded during the summer season. The injuries resulted mainly from falls or slips (47.2%) and falling from high altitudes (22.9% of all injuries). Individual and unattended works accounted for 37.5% of cases while 30.4% of all injuries happened while children were assisting in the work performed by adults. The sites were farm facilities (29.0%), farmyard (23.8%), around farm facilities (13.1%), pastures and meadows (11.1%), fi elds (9.1%), roads leading to houses or farm facilities (7.6%) and home (6.2%). We conclude that 13–15-year-old boys falling during an individual unattended work or while assisting in the work performed by adults, inside and around farm facilities, and during summer months, were the most frequent victims of injuries on farms. Information obtained in this study may be helpful in developing and implementing injury prevention strategies tailored to the Central-Eastern European agricultural realities.
- MeSH
- bezpečnost normy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- interpretace statistických dat MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- úrazy a nehody klasifikace statistika a číselné údaje trendy MeSH
- úrazy pádem prevence a kontrola statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zemědělství statistika a číselné údaje trendy MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Polsko MeSH
Acta hygienica, epidemiologica et microbiologica ; příl. č. 2, 1982
176 l. : tab., il. ; 29 cm
sv.
22 stran : ilustrace, plány ; 30 cm
- MeSH
- sociální péče statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zemědělství statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Publikační typ
- statistiky MeSH
- výroční zprávy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Německo MeSH
