Cíl studie: Analýza erytrocytárních nukleotidů je využívána k diagnostice defektů záchranných cest purinového metabolismu. Cílem této práce je objasnit, zda je toto vyšetření použitelné také v diagnostice defektů druhé poloviny purinové de novo syntézy (PDNS). Ke studiu membránového transportu a následné biotransformace byly použity defosforylované meziprodukty druhé poloviny PDNS. Materiál a metody: Patofyziologická situace u pacientů trpících deficity PDNS byla simulována inkubací nativních erytrocytů, erytrocytárních membrán a lyzovaných erytrocytů s defosforylovanými meziprodukty druhé poloviny PDNS: 5-aminoimidazolribosid (AIr), 5-amino-4-imidazolkarboxribosid (CAIr), 5-amino-4-imidazolsukcinokarboxamidribosid (SAICAr), 5-formamido-4-karboxamidribosid (FAICAr) a 5-amino-4-imidazolkarboxamidribosid (AICAr). Tyto sloučeniny byly chemicky syntetizovány a použity jako standardní látky. Inkubační směsi byly analyzovány pomocí kapilární elektroforézy s UV detekcí pomocí tří separačních systémů, které dovolují analyzovat ribosidy i ribotidy. Výsledky: Jen dva ze studovaných ribosidů (AICAr, FAICAr) prostoupily membránou erytrocytu v detekovatelném množství. Pouze AICAr je vhodným substrátem erytrocytárních kináz a je konvertován na odpovídající mono-, di- a trifosfáty. Závěr: Výsledky ukazují, že analýza erytrocytů je použitelná pouze pro diagnostiku defektu bifunkčního enzymu AICAR- -transformylázy/IMP-cyklohydrolázy.
Objective: Analysis of erythrocyte nucleotides is useful for diagnosing defects in purine salvage pathways. The aim of this work was to elucidate whether the investigation could be used in diagnosing defects of a second part purine de novo synthesis (PDNS). Dephosphorylated intermediates of the second part of PDNS (aminoimidazoleribosides) were used for membrane transport and biotransformation study. Material and Methods: Pathophysiological situation in patients suffering from defects of PDNS was simulated by incubation of native erythrocytes, erythrocyte membranes and erythrocyte lysates with dephosphorylated intermediates of second part of PDNS: 5-amino-4-imidazoleriboside (AIr), 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxyriboside (CAIr), 5-amino-4- -imidazolesuccinocarboxamideriboside (SAICAr), 5-formylamino-4-imidazolecarboxamideriboside (FAICAr) a 5-amino- -4-imidazolecarboxamideriboside (AICAr). The compounds were synthesized and taken as standard compounds. Incubation mixtures were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using three separation systems allowing analysis of both ribosides and ribotides. Results: Two of all studied ribosides (AICAr a FAICAr) were able to permeate through the erythrocyte membrane in detectable amounts. AICAr is an acceptable substrate for erythrocyte kinases and is converted to mono-, di- and triphosphates. Conclusions: The results suggest that erythrocytes are only useful for diagnosing AICAR-transformylase/IMPcyclohydrolase deficiency.
AICA-ribosiduria is a recently discovered inherited metabolic disease caused by a defect in final steps of purine de novo biosynthesis-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide (AICAR)-transformylase/inosinemonophosphate (IMP)-cyclohydrolase (ATIC). A rapid and selective capillary electrophoretic method for screening of patients with AICA-ribosiduria is described. The method is based on direct ultraviolet detection of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide (AICA) and 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (AICAr) in untreated urine. Background electrolyte consists of 100mM malonic acid adjusted with gamma-aminobutyric acid (pH 2.7). Under the given separation conditions both compounds of interest are well separated from other substances with separation efficiency of 1020000 and 130000 theoretical plates/m for AICA and AICAr, respectively. Total analysis time is 3 min with the limits of detection of 3.6 microM and 4.5 microM for AICA and AICAr, respectively. The usefulness of the presented method for screening of patients with ATIC deficiency is demonstrated on samples of Chinese hamster ovary cell line defective in ATIC activity, spiked urine samples and urine samples from patients treated with high-dose MTX which do not excrete increased amounts of AICA and AICAr compared to untreated controls (p<0.05). The described method is fast and effective enough for diagnostic applications.
- MeSH
- Aminoimidazole Carboxamide analogs & derivatives urine MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Electrophoresis, Capillary methods MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Ribonucleosides urine MeSH
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors diagnosis MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
Adiponectin is an adipokine increasing glucose and fatty acid metabolism and improving insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of adiponectin in the regulation of adipocyte lipolysis. Human adipocytes isolated from biopsies obtained during surgical operations from 16 non-obese and 17 obese subjects were incubated with 1) human adiponectin (20 microg/ml) or 2) 0.5 mM AICAR - activator of AMPK (adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase). Following these incubations, isoprenaline was added (10(-6) M) to investigate the influence of adiponectin and AICAR on catecholamine-induced lipolysis. Glycerol concentration was measured as lipolysis marker. We observed that adiponectin suppressed spontaneous lipolysis by 21 % and isoprenaline-induced lipolysis by 14 % in non-obese subjects. These effects were not detectable in obese individuals, but statistically significant differences in the effect of adiponectin between obese and non-obese were not revealed by two way ANOVA test. The inhibitory effect of AICAR and adiponectin on lipolysis was reversed by Compound C. Our results suggest, that adiponectin in physiological concentrations inhibits spontaneous as well as catecholamine-induced lipolysis. This effect might be lower in obese individuals and this regulation seems to involve AMPK.
- MeSH
- Adiponectin pharmacology MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Isoproterenol pharmacology MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lipolysis drug effects MeSH
- Obesity metabolism MeSH
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases metabolism MeSH
- Adipocytes enzymology drug effects MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
AIM: Currently available medicines have little to offer in terms of supporting the regeneration of injured hepatic cells. Previous experimental studies have shown that resveratrol and metformin, less specific activators of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), can effectively attenuate acute liver injury. The aim of this experimental study was to elucidate whether modulation of AMPK and SIRT1 activity can modify drug/paracetamol (APAP)-induced hepatocyte damage in vitro. METHODS: Primary rat hepatocytes were pretreated with mutual combinations of specific synthetic activators and inhibitors of SIRT1 and AMPK and followed by a toxic dose of APAP. At the end of cultivation, medium samples were collected for biochemical analysis of alanine-aminotransferase and nitrite levels. Hepatocyte viability, thiobarbituric reactive substances, SIRT1 and AMPK activity and protein expression were also assessed. RESULTS: The harmful effect of APAP was associated with decreased AMPK and SIRT1 activity and protein expression alongside enhanced oxidative stress in hepatocytes. The addition of AMPK activator (AICAR) or SIRT1 activator (CAY10591) significantly attenuated the deleterious effects of AMPK inhibitor (Compound C) on the hepatotoxicity of APAP. Furthermore, CAY10591 but not AICAR markedly decreased the deleterious effect of APAP in combination with SIRT1 inhibitor (EX-527). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that decreased AMPK activity is associated with the hepatotoxic effect of APAP which can be significantly attenuated by the administration of a SIRT1 activator. These findings suggest that differentiated modulation of AMPK and SIRT1 activity could therefore provide an interesting and novel therapeutic opportunity in the future to combat hepatocyte injury.
- MeSH
- Cyclopentanes pharmacology MeSH
- Hepatocytes * metabolism MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury * etiology genetics metabolism pathology MeSH
- Acetaminophen toxicity MeSH
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases * chemistry metabolism pharmacology MeSH
- Sirtuin 1 * metabolism pharmacology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Cytotoxicity of de novo purine synthesis (DNPS) metabolites is critical to the pathogenesis of three known and one putative autosomal recessive disorder affecting DNPS. These rare disorders are caused by biallelic mutations in the DNPS genes phosphoribosylformylglycineamidine synthase (PFAS), phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxylase/phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase (PAICS), adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL), and aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase/inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase (ATIC) and are clinically characterized by developmental abnormalities, psychomotor retardation, and nonspecific neurological impairment. At a biochemical level, loss of function of specific mutated enzymes results in elevated levels of DNPS ribosides in body fluids. The main pathogenic effect is attributed to the accumulation of DNPS ribosides, which are postulated to be toxic to the organism. Therefore, we decided to characterize the uptake and flux of several DNPS metabolites in HeLa cells and the impact of DNPS metabolites to viability of cancer cell lines and primary skin fibroblasts. We treated cells with DNPS metabolites and followed their flux in purine synthesis and degradation. In this study, we show for the first time the transport of formylglycinamide ribotide (FGAR), aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR), succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide (SAICAR), and aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide (AICAR) into cells and their flux in DNPS and the degradation pathway. We found diminished cell viability mostly in the presence of FGAR and AIR. Our results suggest that direct cellular toxicity of DNPS metabolites may not be the primary pathogenetic mechanism in these disorders.
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is an important homeostatic mechanism in which increases of [Ca2+]i are primary events. In this study, primary cultured, human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASMC) were used to examine the role of TRPC channels in mediating [Ca2+]i elevations during hypoxia. Hypoxia (PO2 about 20 mm Hg) evoked a transient [Ca2+]i elevation that was reduced by removal of extracellular calcium. Nifedipine and verapamil, blockers of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), attenuated the hypoxia-induced [Ca2+]i elevation by about 30 %, suggesting the presence of alternate Ca2+ entry pathways. Expression of TRPC1 and TRPC6 in hPASMC were found by RT-PCR and confirmed by Western blot analysis. Antagonists for TRPC, 2APB and SKF96365, significantly reduced hypoxia-induced [Ca2+]i elevation by almost 60 %. Both TRPC6 and TRPC1 were knocked down by siRNA, the loss of TRPC6 decreased hypoxic response down to 21 % of control, whereas the knockdown of TRPC1 reduced the hypoxia response to 85 %, suggesting that TRPC6 might play a central role in mediating hypoxia response in hPASMC. However, blockade of PLC pathway caused only small inhibition of the hypoxia response. In contrast, AICAR, the agonist of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), induced a gradual [Ca2+]i elevation, whereas compound C, an antagonist of AMPK, almost abolished the hypoxia response. However, co-immunoprecipitation revealed that AMPK? was not colocalized with TRPC6. Our data supports a role for TRPC6 in mediation of the [Ca2+]i elevation in response to hypoxia in hPASMC and suggests that this response may be linked to cellular energy status via an activation of AMPK.
- MeSH
- Pulmonary Artery cytology physiology MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Cell Hypoxia MeSH
- TRPC Cation Channels genetics metabolism MeSH
- Cells, Cultured MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- RNA, Small Interfering metabolism MeSH
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle cytology metabolism MeSH
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction MeSH
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases metabolism MeSH
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular cytology metabolism MeSH
- Calcium metabolism MeSH
- Calcium Channels metabolism MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
The obesogenic effect of a high-fat (HF) diet is counterbalanced by stimulation of energy expenditure and lipid oxidation in response to a meal. The aim of this study was to reveal whether muscle nonshivering thermogenesis could be stimulated by a HF diet, especially in obesity-resistant A/J compared with obesity-prone C57BL/6J (B/6J) mice. Experiments were performed on male mice born and maintained at 30 degrees C. Four-week-old mice were randomly weaned onto a low-fat (LF) or HF diet for 2 wk. In the A/J LF mice, cold exposure (4 degrees C) resulted in hypothermia, whereas the A/J HF, B/6J LF, and B/6J HF mice were cold tolerant. Cold sensitivity of the A/J LF mice was associated with a relatively low whole body energy expenditure under resting conditions, which was normalized by the HF diet. In both strains, the HF diet induced uncoupling protein-1-mediated thermogenesis, with a stronger induction in A/J mice. Only in A/J mice: 1) the HF diet augmented activation of whole body lipid oxidation by cold; and 2) at 30 degrees C, oxygen consumption, total content, and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and AICAR-stimulated palmitate oxidation in soleus muscle was increased by the HF diet in parallel with significantly increased leptinemia. Gene expression data in soleus muscle of the A/J HF mice indicated a shift from carbohydrate to fatty acid oxidation. Our results suggest a role for muscle nonshivering thermogenesis and lipid oxidation in the obesity-resistant phenotype of A/J mice and indicate that a HF diet could induce thermogenesis in oxidative muscle, possibly via the leptin-AMPK axis.
- MeSH
- Aminoimidazole Carboxamide analogs & derivatives metabolism MeSH
- Basal Metabolism MeSH
- Dietary Fats administration & dosage metabolism MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Muscle, Skeletal physiology metabolism MeSH
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified blood MeSH
- Multienzyme Complexes metabolism MeSH
- Mice, Inbred C57BL MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Random Allocation MeSH
- Calorimetry, Indirect MeSH
- Animals, Newborn MeSH
- Obesity etiology metabolism MeSH
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases metabolism MeSH
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases MeSH
- Ribonucleotides metabolism MeSH
- Oxygen Consumption physiology MeSH
- Body Weight physiology MeSH
- Body Temperature physiology MeSH
- Thermogenesis physiology MeSH
- Triglycerides blood MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Male MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Animals MeSH
