Diversification rate
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We are members of the EU. The EU legislation has greater legal force than the Czech one. It includes Convention of Biomedicine and Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. In the area of obstetrics, not all workplaces respect the European legislation. We respect Convention on Biomedicine: not benefit, but the will of the patient is the doctor's supreme command? Do we feel as advisers and helpers of a pregnant woman and an expectant mother, or those educated and clever who know what is the best for her, and she does the best when obeys? Can we reflect psychosocial changes in obstetrics which are common to the west of our borders? The topic of pregnancy concerns maternity hospitals only marginally. The main issue: the woman can choose an outpatient gynaecologist, but a midwife not yet. Change is on the way. Only after discharging herself against medical advice may she refuse the recommended procedure, or vice versa, may she choose this procedure, which is not reimbursable, as an above-standard service (oh the Constitutional Court!). The Czech population of pregnant women has in increasing rate the knowledge about the world trends in obstetrics, and they are not willing to settle for the offered traditional medical management of childbirth. Therefore it is necessary to diversify our obstetrics and to enable every woman to have a labour according her wishes. In the future, our unified obstetrics is no longer sufficient. In most Czech textbooks on obstetrics, the medical management of labour is the only alternative. It is the part of the Recommended Procedure of the Section on Perinatal Medicine of ČGPS (Czech Gynaecological and Obstetrical Society). Most women still adopt an attitude: “Do with me what you want, I wish only it is over.” Many of our obstetricians feel safe in this system and they can hardly imagine any changes. Natural childbirth in maternity hospital has 10 simple rules. The number of women who require this type of delivery is increasing. If any complications arise, the female clients understand that it is necessary to pass to the classical medical procedures. It is the only alternative so far how to discourage women from the risky home birth which is still considered to be dangerous in our conditions. Our obstetrical departments still take a cautious approach to this initiative. Outpatient delivery is not the problem of obstetrics, rather than neonatology. From the economic point of view, it is currently more advantageous in the system of DRG. Birth houses are a common part of the obstetric system in many EU countries. Maintaining the safe conditions, a birth house should not be an obstetric problem even in our country. The women choose a home birth not on the first place, but after the experiences with our standard obstetrics (artificial rupture of membranes, oxytocin, episiotomy, unexplained surgery, Kristeller maneuver, etc.) or because of primary fear of an ordered obstetrics. It is only the matter of time when the women labouring at home are not depended on undeclared work of midwives and Emergency and Rescue Service, and when the state have to guarantee them a professional help. At present days, programmed childbirth is hopefully a trouble-free, marginal part of our obstetrics. Provided the meeting of conditions and induction scheme, it is highly efficient. Caesarean section is not provided on mere unjustified request. The pregnant woman has always some reason – especially psychological – for refusing the vaginal delivery: case history, fear of pain, worries about the fate of a baby when hypoxia suddenly arises, vaginal extraction surgery, alteration of subsequent vita sexualis , late effects, especially disorders of pelvic stability and incontinence. What are the complications of Caesarean section and subsequent pregnancy considering the birthrate of Czech women? This problem has not to be solved any more west of our borders.
- MeSH
- císařský řez MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- indukovaný porod MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- porod MeSH
- porodnictví * etika metody organizace a řízení MeSH
- předčasná porodní činnost MeSH
- přirozený porod MeSH
- reforma zdravotní péče MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- vedení porodu * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- zprávy MeSH
Theory predicts that sexually dimorphic traits under strong sexual selection, particularly those involved with intersexual signaling, can accelerate speciation and produce bursts of diversification. Sexual dichromatism (sexual dimorphism in color) is widely used as a proxy for sexual selection and is associated with rapid diversification in several animal groups, yet studies using phylogenetic comparative methods to explicitly test for an association between sexual dichromatism and diversification have produced conflicting results. Sexual dichromatism is rare in frogs, but it is both striking and prevalent in African reed frogs, a major component of the diverse frog radiation termed Afrobatrachia. In contrast to most other vertebrates, reed frogs display female-biased dichromatism in which females undergo color transformation, often resulting in more ornate coloration in females than in males. We produce a robust phylogeny of Afrobatrachia to investigate the evolutionary origins of sexual dichromatism in this radiation and examine whether the presence of dichromatism is associated with increased rates of net diversification. We find that sexual dichromatism evolved once within hyperoliids and was followed by numerous independent reversals to monochromatism. We detect significant diversification rate heterogeneity in Afrobatrachia and find that sexually dichromatic lineages have double the average net diversification rate of monochromatic lineages. By conducting trait simulations on our empirical phylogeny, we demonstrate that our inference of trait-dependent diversification is robust. Although sexual dichromatism in hyperoliid frogs is linked to their rapid diversification and supports macroevolutionary predictions of speciation by sexual selection, the function of dichromatism in reed frogs remains unclear. We propose that reed frogs are a compelling system for studying the roles of natural and sexual selection on the evolution of sexual dichromatism across micro- and macroevolutionary timescales.
- MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- pigmentace * MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- žáby klasifikace fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Afrika MeSH
Explaining the disparity of species richness across the tree of life is one of the great challenges in evolutionary biology. Some lineages are exceptionally species rich, while others are relatively species poor. One explanation for heterogeneity among clade richness is that older clades are more species rich because they have had more time to accrue diversity than younger clades. Alternatively, disparity in species richness may be due to among-lineage diversification rate variation. Here we investigate diversification in water scavenger beetles (Hydrophilidae), which vary in species richness among major lineages by as much as 20 fold. Using a time-calibrated phylogeny and comparative methods, we test for a relationship between clade age and species richness and for shifts in diversification rate in hydrophilids. We detected a single diversification rate increase in Megasternini, a relatively young and species rich clade whose diversity might be explained by the stunning diversity of ecological niches occupied by this clade. We find that Amphiopini, an old clade, is significantly more species poor than expected, possibly due to its restricted geographic range. The remaining lineages show a correlation between species richness and clade age, suggesting that both clade age and variation in diversification rates explain the disparity in species richness in hydrophilids. We find little evidence that transitions between aquatic, semiaquatic, and terrestrial habitats are linked to shifts in diversification rates.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- brouci klasifikace MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Eois is one of the best-investigated genera of tropical moths. Its close association with Piper plants has inspired numerous studies on life histories, phylogeny and evolutionary biology. This study provides an updated view on phylogeny, host plant use and temporal patterns of speciation in Eois. Using sequence data (2776 bp) from one mitochondrial (COI) and one nuclear gene (Ef1-alpha) for 221 Eois species, we confirm and reinforce previous findings regarding temporal patterns of diversification. Deep diversification within Andean Eois took place in the Miocene followed by a sustained high rate of diversification until the Pleistocene when a pronounced slowdown of speciation is evident. In South America, Eois diversification is very likely to be primarily driven by the Andean uplift which occurred concurrently with the entire evolutionary history of Eois. A massively expanded dataset enabled an in-depth look into the phylogenetic signal contained in host plant usage. This revealed several independent shifts from Piper to other host plant genera and families. Seven shifts to Peperomia, the sister genus of Piper were detected, indicating that the shift to Peperomia was an easy one compared to the singular shifts to the Chloranthaceae, Siparunaceae and the Piperacean genus Manekia. The potential for close co-evolution of Eois with Piper host plants is therefore bound to be limited to smaller subsets within Neotropical Eois instead of a frequently proposed genus-wide co-evolutionary scenario. In regards to Eois systematics we confirm the monophyly of Neotropical Eois in relation to their Old World counterparts. A tentative biogeographical hypothesis is presented suggesting that Eois originated in tropical Asia and subsequently colonized the Neotropics and Africa. Within Neotropical Eois we were able to identify the existence of six clades not recognized in previous studies and confirm and reinforce the monophyly of all 9 previously delimited infrageneric clades.
- MeSH
- DNA genetika MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- můry klasifikace genetika MeSH
- respirační komplex IV genetika MeSH
- rostliny * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Jižní Amerika MeSH
The niche-filling process predicted by the "ecological opportunity" (EO) model is an often-invoked mechanism for generating exceptional diversity in island colonizers. Whether the same process governs lineage accumulation and trait disparity during continental colonization events is less clear. Here, we test this prediction by investigating the rate dynamics and trait evolution of one of Africa's most widespread amphibian colonizers, the true toads (Bufonidae). By reconstructing the most complete molecular phylogeny of African Bufonidae to date, we find that the diversification of lineages in Africa best conforms to a constant rate model throughout time and across subclades, with little support for EO. Evolutionary rates of life-history traits have similarly been constant over time. However, an analysis of generalists and specialists showed a shift toward higher speciation rates associated with habitat specialization. The overall lack of EO signal can be interpreted in a number of ways and we propose several explanations. Firstly, methodological issues might preclude the detection of EO. Secondly, colonizers might not experience true EO conditions and due to the size, ecological heterogeneity and age of landmasses, the diversification processes might be more complex. Thirdly, lower speciation rates of habitat generalists may have affected overall proliferation of lineages.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- ovum fyziologie MeSH
- ropuchy klasifikace genetika fyziologie MeSH
- rozmnožování MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- velikost těla MeSH
- vznik druhů (genetika) * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- zvláštnosti životní historie * MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Shifts in sexual systems are one of the key drivers of species diversification. In contrast to angiosperms, unisexuality prevails in bryophytes. Here, we test the hypotheses that bisexuality evolved from an ancestral unisexual condition and is a key innovation in liverworts. We investigate whether shifts in sexual systems influence diversification using hidden state speciation and extinction analysis (HiSSE). This new method compares the effects of the variable of interest to the best-fitting latent variable, yielding robust and conservative tests. We find that the transitions in sexual systems are significantly biased toward unisexuality, even though bisexuality is coupled with increased diversification. Sexual systems are strongly conserved deep within the liverwort tree but become much more labile toward the present. Bisexuality appears to be a key innovation in liverworts. Its effects on diversification are presumably mediated by the interplay of high fertilization rates, massive spore production and long-distance dispersal, which may separately or together have facilitated liverwort speciation, suppressed their extinction, or both. Importantly, shifts in liverwort sexual systems have the opposite effect when compared to angiosperms, leading to contrasting diversification patterns between the two groups. The high prevalence of unisexuality among liverworts suggests, however, a strong selection for sexual dimorphism.
Macroevolutionary studies recently shifted from only reconstructing the past state, i.e. the species phylogeny, to also infer the past speciation and extinction dynamics that gave rise to the phylogeny. Methods for estimating diversification dynamics are sensitive towards incomplete species sampling. We introduce a method to estimate time-dependent diversification rates from phylogenies where clades of a particular age are represented by only one sampled species. A popular example of this type of data is phylogenies on the genus- or family-level, i.e. phylogenies where one species per genus or family is included. We conduct a simulation study to validate our method in a maximum-likelihood framework. Further, this method has already been introduced into the Bayesian package MrBayes, which led to new insights into the evolution of Hymenoptera.
Úvod: Variabilita srdeční frekvence (VSF) je uznávaným ukazatelem při diagnostice kardiální autonomní neuropatie (KAN) a je využitelná jako nezávislý prognostický ukazatel rizika náhlé smrti na arytmii. Přes důležitost včasné diagnostiky je zjištění KAN, zejména u diabetiků, často pozdní diagnózou. Důvodem vedle dlouhé subklinické fáze je i velká diverzifikace metodik, absence jednotných normálových hodnot, zejména co se týče VSF stanovené metodou spektrální analýzy (SAVSF) v krátkých záznamech elektrokardiogramu (EKG). Cíl: Cílem práce bylo pomocí průřezové studie u diabetiků 2. typu posoudit potenciál metodiky diagnostikující KAN pomocí SAVSF v krátkých záznamech EKG při autonomní zátěži - ortoklinostatickém testu (test leh1-stoj-leh2, pětiminutové záznamy) v modifikaci rozdílných normativních přístupů k postprocessingové analýze získaných dat podle tří různých autorů. Sekundárními cíli bylo zhodnotit význam přídatné autonomní zátěže hlubokou ventilací a porovnat naměřená data VSF s vybranými klinickými a laboratorními ukazateli vyšetřovaných pacientů. Materiál a metody: Soubor tvořilo 43 diabetiků 2. typu (12 žen, 31 mužů, průměrný věk 51,1 ± 10,7 roku) bez manifestních projevů KAN, bez závažné kardiovaskulární anamnézy, vyjma nekomplikované hypertenze. Pomocí diagnostického systému DiANS PF8 s telemetrickým přenosem EKG a dechové frekvence byla provedena série reflexních zkoušek podle Ewinga a SAVSF (fourierovská analýza tachogramu, okno 256) při autonomní zátěži při testu leh1-stoj-leh2 (test LSL) a při pětiminutové frekvenčně kontrolované neprohlubované ventilaci 12 cyklů/min. Získané spektrální ukazatele byly porovnávány s normativy tří různých autorů používajících sice stejný algoritmus záznamu EKG (test LSL), ale rozdílné postprocessingové zpracování dat: 1. stanovení závažnosti KAN podle porovnání komplexního ukazatele - tzv. funkčního věku autonomního nervového systému (ANS) vyšetřovaného a věkové normy, 2. hodnocení závažnosti KAN podle věkově stratifikovaných hodnot mediánu a percentilů, 3. hodnocení závažnosti KAN podle kumulativního spektrálního výkonu v průběhu celého testu (cumLFHF). Výsledky: Hodnocením podle celkového Ewingova skóre (ETS) bylo bez podezření na KAN (ETS = 0) 11,6 %, s možnou KAN (ETS = 1) 32,6 %, s manifestní KAN (ETS = 2-3) u 55,8 % pacientů. Byla prokázána střední korelační závislost mezi ETS a jednotlivými ukazateli SAVSF po ortoklinostáze (test LSL) v poloze leh2 (ms2): TP (celkový výkon, f = 0,02-0,5 Hz): r = -0,4, p < 0,006, komponenta LF (nízké frekvence, 0,05-0,15 Hz): r = -0,31, p < 0,04, komponenta HF (vysoké frekvence, 0,15-0,5 Hz): r = -0,45, p < 0,003 i za podmínek kontrolované ventilace (PB), a to pro TP (ms2): r = -0,56, p < 0,0001, LF: r = -0,38, p < 0,018, HF: r = -0,52, p < 0,001. Byla nalezena střední korelační závislost mezi ETS a hodnocením VSF pomocí komplexního ukazatele - "funkční věk ANS" (r = 0,37, p < 0,015), ETS a cumLFHF, ETS a ln(cumLFHF) (ms2): r = -0,46, p < 0,002. Byl potvrzen významný rozdíl mezi "funkčním věkem ANS" a kalendářním věkem u většiny pacientů (průměr 21,8 ± 12,9 roku, medián 23,5 roku, p < 0,0001). Nepodařilo se aplikovat hodnocení závažnosti KAN podle věkově stratifikovaných hodnot mediánu a percentilů ukazatelů TP, LF, HF, LF/HF. Mezi ukazateli SAVSF a klinickými ukazateli (antropometrické, echokardiografické, QTc, laboratorní testy) vynikala střední závislost mezi hodnotou glykovaného hemoglobinu (HbA1c) a základními ukazateli SAVSF (TP, LF, HF, LF/HF), "funkčním věkem ANS" a cumLFHF (r = 0,36-0,53, při p < 0,0004 až p < 0,02). Závěr: Pro diagnostiku KAN pomocí VSF je optimální a v praxi dobře průchodnou metodikou SAVSF analyzovaná z krátkodobých záznamů EKG v podmínkách autonomní zátěže pomocí ortoklinostatického testu leh-stoj-leh, a to metodikou stratifikující závažnost KAN pomocí komplexního ukazatele - tzv. funkčního věku ANS. V detailním posouzení sympatovagální rovnováhy doplňuje diagnostiku pomocí reflexních autonomních testů (Ewingova baterie). Vedle ortoklinostatické zátěže je doporučeno ke zvýšení výtěžnosti metody SAVSF doplnění vyšetřovacího algoritmu o vagovou provokaci frekvenčně kontrolovaným neprohlubovaným dýcháním 12 cyklů/min. Hodnocení závažnosti KAN podle kumulativního ukazatele celkové VSF (cumLFHF) ukázalo dobrou diskriminační schopnost pro prvotní screeningovou diagnostiku KAN, i když bez možnosti rozlišení poruchy mezi sympatickou a vagovou větví ANS. Prezentovaná průřezová práce na souboru diabetiků 2. typu prokázala významnou autonomní dysfunkci u většiny souboru bez závislosti na délce trvání diabetu. Jednoznačně podporuje doporučení, že posouzení integrity ANS u diabetu 2. typu má být provedeno již při stanovení diagnózy choroby v rámci vstupního stagingu nemoci. Závažnost postižení KAN dobře koreluje s metabolickou kompenzací diabetu vyšetřovanou pomocí HbA1c.
Introduction: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a respected measure used in the assessment of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and it can serve as an independent prognostic indicator of sudden arrhythmic death risk. Despite the importance of early detection, the diagnosis of CAN is often made too late, especially in diabetics. Beside the long subclinical phase of CAN, reasons for this include great diversification of employed diagnostic methods and absence of universally accepted normal values; the latter applies mostly in HRV evaluated using short-term spectral analysis (SAHRV). Aim: The aim of this cross-sectional study involving patients with type 2 diabetes was to summarize the real potential of using a testing method for CAN diagnosis by short-term SAHRV, including an autonomic load imposed during an orthoclinostatic test (Supine1 - Standing - Supine2, short 5-min recordings). Three different normative approaches to the postprocessing analysis of acquired data described by different authors were employed. Secondary aim of the study was to assess the benefit of rate-controlled breathing. The next aim was to compare the HRV data measured with the selected clinical and laboratory indices in patient examined. Materials and methods: The study included 43 patients with type 2 diabetes (12 women, 31 men, mean age 51.1 ± 10.7 y) and no history of manifest CAN or serious cardiovascular illness, except uncomplicated hypertension. Using a diagnostic system DiANS PF8 with telemetric transfer of ECG and respiratory rate, series of reflex tests according to Ewing and SAHRV (Fourier tachogram analysis, window 256) during autonomic load imposed by Supine1 - Standing - Supine2 test (SSS test) and during 5 minutes of rate-controlled, non-deepened breathing (PB, 12 cycles/min) were performed. Acquired spectral indices were analyzed and compared with normatives of 3 authors using the same recording algorithm, SSS test, but different data postprocessing analysis. These were 1. so called "functional age" of autonomic nervous system (ANS), 2. assessment of CAN severity according to age-stratified medians and percentiles, 3. assessment of CAN severity according to cumulative spectral power during the entire test (cumLFHF). Results: According to the total Ewing score (ETS), 11.6% patients were categorized as CAN-free (ETS = 0), 32.6% were diagnosed with possible CAN (ETS = 1), and 55.8% labeled with manifest CAN (ETS = 2 to 3). Moderate correlation between ETS and individual SAHRV parameters following orthoclinostasis (test SSS) in Supine2 position was described [ms2]: TP (total power, f = 0.02-0.5 Hz): r = -0.4, p < 0.006; LF component (low frequency, 0.05-0.15 Hz): r = -0.31, p < 0.04; HF component (high frequency, 0.15-0.5 Hz): r = -0.45, p < 0.003) and the same applied to rate-controlled breathing PB (TP, [ms2]: r = -0.56, p < 0.0001; LF: r = -0.38, p < 0.018; HF: r = -0.52, p < 0.001). Moderate correlation was also found between ETS and HRV assessment using a complex indicator - "functional age of ANS" (r = 0.37, p < 0.015), ETS a cumLFHF, ETS a ln(cumLFHF) [ms2]: r = -0.46, p < 0.002. In most patients, significant difference between functional age of ANS and calendar age was confirmed (mean 21.8 ± 12.9 y, median 23.5 years, p < 0.0001). An attempt to assess the severity CAN using age-stratified medians and percentiles of TP, LF, HF, and LF/HF was not successful. As for SAHRV and clinical indices (anthropometric, echocardiographic, QTc, laboratory), moderate correlation between the glycated haemoglobin on one side and basic SAHRV indices (TP, LF, HF, LF/HF), functional age of ANS and cumLFHF on the other side was prominent (r = 0.36 to 0.53, p < 0.0004 to p < 0.02). Conclusion: Assessment of CAN using evaluation of HRV can optimally be performed (and simply realized in clinical practice) using SAHRV based on short ECG recordings during autonomic load imposed by orthoclinostatic test (Supine1 - Standing - Supine2) and on postprocessing data analysis using complex indicator called "functional age of ANS". In the detailed evaluation of sympathovagal balance, it complements the screening assessment with cardiovascular reflex tests (Ewing's battery). Beside the orthoclinostatic load, pronounced vagal provocation using rate-controlled, non-deepened breathing (12 cycles/min) represents a recommended facultative load option increasing the yield of the SAHRV method. The detection and assessment of CAN severity while applying the cumulative indicator of HRV (cumLFHF) showed a good discrimination power in the frontline screening for CAN, albeit without the possibility to distinguish between the sympathetic and vagal branch of ANS. Presented cross-sectional study in type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrated a significant autonomic dysfunction in the majority of patients examined, independently of diabetes duration. It supports the recommendation to assess the ANS integrity in type 2 diabetes already at diagnosis, within the initial staging of the illness. The severity of CAN correlates well with metabolic control of diabetes as evaluated by HbA1c.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu MeSH
- diabetické neuropatie * diagnóza patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- individuální biologická variabilita MeSH
- komplikace diabetu MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci autonomního nervového systému diagnóza MeSH
- referenční hodnoty MeSH
- spektrální analýza MeSH
- srdeční frekvence * MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- zátěžový test metody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
Different diversification scenarios have been proposed to explain the origin of extant biodiversity. However, most existing meta-analyses of time-calibrated phylogenies rely on approaches that do not quantitatively test alternative diversification processes. Here, I highlight the shortcomings of using species divergence ranks, which is a method widely used in meta-analyses. Divergence ranks consist of categorizing cladogenetic events to certain periods of time, typically to either Pleistocene or to pre-Pleistocene ages. This approach has been claimed to shed light on the origin of most extant species and the timing and dynamics of diversification in any biogeographical region. However, interpretations drawn from such method often confound two fundamental questions in macroevolutionary studies, tempo (timing of evolutionary rate shifts) and mode ("how" and "why" of speciation). By using simulated phylogenies under four diversification scenarios, constant-rate, diversity-dependence, high extinction, and high speciation rates in the Pleistocene, I showed that interpretations based on species divergence ranks might have been seriously misleading. Future meta-analyses of dated phylogenies need to be aware of the impacts of incomplete taxonomic sampling, tree topology, and divergence time uncertainties, as well as they might be benefited by including quantitative tests of alternative diversification models that acknowledge extinction and diversity dependence.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- biologická evoluce * MeSH
- extinkce biologická MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- motýli fyziologie MeSH
- počítačová simulace * MeSH
- vznik druhů (genetika) MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Jižní Amerika MeSH
- Mexiko MeSH
- Střední Amerika MeSH
Angiosperms have become the dominant terrestrial plant group by diversifying for ~145 million years into a broad range of environments. During the course of evolution, numerous morphological innovations arose, often preceded by whole genome duplications (WGD). The mustard family (Brassicaceae), a successful angiosperm clade with ~4000 species, has been diversifying into many evolutionary lineages for more than 30 million years. Here we develop a species inventory, analyze morphological variation, and present a maternal, plastome-based genus-level phylogeny. We show that increased morphological disparity, despite an apparent absence of clade-specific morphological innovations, is found in tribes with WGDs or diversification rate shifts. Both are important processes in Brassicaceae, resulting in an overall high net diversification rate. Character states show frequent and independent gain and loss, and form varying combinations. Therefore, Brassicaceae pave the way to concepts of phylogenetic genome-wide association studies to analyze the evolution of morphological form and function.
