Type 2 diabetes (T2D) imposes a substantial disease burden, predominantly from cardiovascular disease (CVD), which accounts for >50% of deaths in this population and leads to a 12-year reduction in the life expectancy of a 60-year-old male patient with T2D and CVD compared with the general population. The results from mandatory cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) are therefore of great interest in the field. The Academy for Cardiovascular Risk, Outcomes and Safety Studies in Type 2 Diabetes meeting program aims to bring together experts from several associated disciplines to provide fair and balanced resources for those involved in the management of patients with T2D. This publication represents the opinions of the faculty on the key learnings from the meeting held in Vienna in the spring of 2017. In particular, we detail how data from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® [cardiovascular outcomes trial of empagliflozin] and Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results (LEADER®) (liraglutide) CVOTs can be practically interpreted across clinical specialities. It is hoped that this translation of CVOT data will achieve a dual treatment paradigm for the management of both raised glucose levels and CV risk in patients with T2D.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: For patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single most common cause of mortality. In 2008 and 2012, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) respectively mandated cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs) on all new anti-diabetic agents, as prospective trials statistically powered to rule out excess cardiovascular risk in patients with T2D. Unexpectedly, some of these CVOTs have demonstrated not only cardiovascular safety, but also cardioprotective effects, as was first shown for the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in EMPA-REG OUTCOME. EXPERT OPINION: To debate newly available CVOT data and to put them into context, we convened as a group of medical experts from the Central and Eastern European Region. Here we describe our discussions, focusing on the conclusions we can draw from EMPA-REG OUTCOME and other SGLT2 inhibitor CVOTs, including when considered alongside real-world evidence. CONCLUSION: CVOTs investigating SGLT2 inhibitors have suggested benefits beyond glucose lowering that have been confirmed in real-world evidence studies.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu farmakoterapie   MeSH
• glifloziny škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) Task Force provides practical guidance for combination therapy for elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and/or triglycerides (TG) in high-risk and very-high-risk patients. METHODS: Evidence-based review. RESULTS: Statin-ezetimibe combination treatment is the first choice for managing elevated LDL-C and should be given upfront in very-high-risk patients with high LDL-C unlikely to reach goal with a statin, and in primary prevention familial hypercholesterolaemia patients. A proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor may be added if LDL-C levels remain high. In high and very-high-risk patients with mild to moderately elevated TG levels (>2.3 and < 5.6 mmol/L [>200 and < 500 mg/dL) on a statin, treatment with either a fibrate or high-dose omega-3 fatty acids (icosapent ethyl) may be considered, weighing the benefit versus risks. Combination with fenofibrate may be considered for both macro- and microvascular benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS: This guidance aims to improve real-world use of guideline-recommended combination lipid modifying treatment.

• MeSH
• anticholesteremika * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• ateroskleróza * farmakoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proproteinkonvertasa subtilisin/kexin typu 9 MeSH
• statiny * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Oral anticoagulation in patients presenting with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 1 (CHA2DS2-VASc of 2 in women) remains a challenging approach in clinical practice. Therapeutic decisions need to balance the individual benefit of reducing thromboembolic risk against the potential harm due to an increase in bleeding risk in this intermediate risk patient population. Within the current opinion statement of the European Society of Cardiology working group of cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and the European Society of Cardiology council on stroke the currently available evidence on the anti-thrombotic management in patients presenting with a CHA2DS2-VASc of 1 is summarized. Easily applicable tools for a personalized refinement of the individual thromboembolic risk in patients with atrial fibrillation and a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 1 that guide clinicians through the question whether to anticoagulate or not are provided.

• MeSH
• antikoagulancia aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda diagnóza   epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• fibrilace síní diagnóza   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• klinické rozhodování MeSH
• konsensus MeSH
• krvácení chemicky indukované   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metody pro podporu rozhodování MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH

BACKGROUND: The Genetics of Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease (GENIUS-CHD) consortium was established to facilitate discovery and validation of genetic variants and biomarkers for risk of subsequent CHD events, in individuals with established CHD. METHODS: The consortium currently includes 57 studies from 18 countries, recruiting 185 614 participants with either acute coronary syndrome, stable CHD, or a mixture of both at baseline. All studies collected biological samples and followed-up study participants prospectively for subsequent events. RESULTS: Enrollment into the individual studies took place between 1985 to present day with a duration of follow-up ranging from 9 months to 15 years. Within each study, participants with CHD are predominantly of self-reported European descent (38%-100%), mostly male (44%-91%) with mean ages at recruitment ranging from 40 to 75 years. Initial feasibility analyses, using a federated analysis approach, yielded expected associations between age (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.14-1.16) per 5-year increase, male sex (hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.13-1.21) and smoking (hazard ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.35-1.51) with risk of subsequent CHD death or myocardial infarction and differing associations with other individual and composite cardiovascular endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: GENIUS-CHD is a global collaboration seeking to elucidate genetic and nongenetic determinants of subsequent event risk in individuals with established CHD, to improve residual risk prediction and identify novel drug targets for secondary prevention. Initial analyses demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of a federated analysis approach. The consortium now plans to initiate and test novel hypotheses as well as supporting replication and validation analyses for other investigators.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• koronární nemoc patologie   MeSH
• kouření MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• proporcionální rizikové modely MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH