In the present study, we critically revised the recently proposed classification of the subfamily Leishmaniinae Maslov et Lukeš in Jirků et al., 2012. Agreeing with erection of the genus Zelonia Shaw, Camargo et Teixeira in Espinosa et al., 2017 and the subgenus Mundinia Shaw, Camargo et Teixeira in Espinosa et al., 2017 within the genus Leishmania Ross, 1908, we argue that other changes are not well justified. We propose to: (i) raise Paraleishmania Cupolillo, Medina-Acosta, Noyes, Momen et Grimaldi, 2000 to generic rank; (ii) create a new genus Borovskyia gen. n. to accommodate the former Leptomonas barvae Maslov et Lukeš, 2010 as its type and only species; (iii) leave the subfamily Leishmaniinae as originally defined, but establish two infrafamilies within it: Leishmaniatae infrafam. n. and Crithidiatae infrafam. n.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Leishmania klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The catalase gene is a virtually ubiquitous component of the eukaryotic genomes. It is also present in the monoxenous (i.e. parasitizing solely insects) trypanosomatids of the subfamily Leishmaniinae, which have acquired the enzyme by horizontal gene transfer from a bacterium. However, as shown here, the catalase gene was secondarily lost from the genomes of all Leishmania sequenced so far. Due to the potentially key regulatory role of hydrogen peroxide in the inter-stagial transformation of Leishmania spp., this loss seems to be a necessary prerequisite for the emergence of a complex life cycle of these important human pathogens. Hence, in this group of protists, the advantages of keeping catalase were uniquely outweighed by its disadvantages.

• MeSH
• Bacteria genetika   MeSH
• delece genu * MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom * MeSH
• houby genetika   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• katalasa genetika   MeSH
• Leishmania účinky léků   genetika   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• peroxid vodíku metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• Psychodidae parazitologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• stadia vývoje účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• Trypanosomatina klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This work is focused on the molecular revision of the genus Wallaceina established in the very twilight of the classical morphotype-based approach to classification of the Trypanosomatidae. The genus was erected due to the presence of a unique variant of endomastigotes. In molecular phylogenetic studies four described species of Wallaceina were shown to be extremely close to each other and to some other undescribed isolates clustered within Leishmaniinae clade, while three recently included species formed a separate clade. Our results of morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that all Leishmaniinae-bound wallaceinas are just different isolates of the same species that we rename back to Crithidia brevicula Frolov, Malysheva, 1989. To accommodate former Wallaceina spp. phylogenetically distant from the genus Crithidia, we propose a new generic name Wallacemonas Kostygov et Yurchenko, 2014.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• geny rRNA MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• protozoální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA protozoální genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• Trypanosomatina klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Several new species of trypanosomatids (Euglenozoa, Kinetoplastea, Trypanosomatidae), isolated from the intestines of Neotropical insects (Heteroptera), were genotyped on the basis of spliced leader RNA, and also defined phylogenetically using gene sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA and glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. The taxonomic descriptions also included characterization using morphometry and electron microscopy. Our phylogenetic analyses placed the new species within the clade, previously designated "SE" for "Slowly Evolving" sequences of ribosomal RNA genes, a clade that also includes numerous monoxenous parasites of insects from the genera Crithidia, Leptomonas, and Wallaceina, as well as the dixenous genus Leishmania. Based on the high phylogenetic support for this clade, which is consistently recovered in all recent phylogenetic reconstructions, a proposal is put forward to recognize this natural taxon as a new subfamily, Leishmaniinae, within the family Trypanosomatidae.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• geny rRNA MeSH
• glyceraldehyd-3-fosfátdehydrogenasa (fosforylační) genetika   MeSH
• hmyz parazitologie   MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• protozoální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA protozoální genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• Trypanosomatina klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kostarika MeSH

The co-infection cases involving dixenous Leishmania spp. (mostly of the L. donovani complex) and presumably monoxenous trypanosomatids in immunocompromised mammalian hosts including humans are well documented. The main opportunistic parasite has been identified as Leptomonas seymouri of the sub-family Leishmaniinae. The molecular mechanisms allowing a parasite of insects to withstand elevated temperature and substantially different conditions of vertebrate tissues are not understood. Here we demonstrate that L. seymouri is well adapted for the environment of the warm-blooded host. We sequenced the genome and compared the whole transcriptome profiles of this species cultivated at low and high temperatures (mimicking the vector and the vertebrate host, respectively) and identified genes and pathways differentially expressed under these experimental conditions. Moreover, Leptomonas seymouri was found to persist for several days in two species of Phlebotomus spp. implicated in Leishmania donovani transmission. Despite of all these adaptations, L. seymouri remains a predominantly monoxenous species not capable of infecting vertebrate cells under normal conditions.

• MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace fyziologie   MeSH
• infekce prvoky kmene Euglenozoa genetika   MeSH
• koinfekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Leishmania donovani MeSH
• leishmanióza viscerální parazitologie   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• protozoální geny MeSH
• Psychodidae mikrobiologie   MeSH
• stadia vývoje MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• Trypanosomatina genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Comparison of the genomes of free-living Bodo saltans and those of parasitic trypanosomatids reveals that the transition from a free-living to a parasitic life style has resulted in the loss of approximately 50% of protein-coding genes. Despite this dramatic reduction in genome size, B. saltans and trypanosomatids still share a significant number of common metabolic traits: glycosomes; a unique set of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway genes; an ATP-PFK which is homologous to the bacterial PPi -PFKs rather than to the canonical eukaryotic ATP-PFKs; an alternative oxidase; three phosphoglycerate kinases and two GAPDH isoenzymes; a pyruvate kinase regulated by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate; trypanothione as a substitute for glutathione; synthesis of fatty acids via a unique set of elongase enzymes; and a mitochondrial acetate:succinate coenzyme A transferase. B. saltans has lost the capacity to synthesize ubiquinone. Among genes that are present in B. saltans and lost in all trypanosomatids are those involved in the degradation of mureine, tryptophan and lysine. Novel acquisitions of trypanosomatids are components of pentose sugar metabolism, pteridine reductase and bromodomain-factor proteins. In addition, only the subfamily Leishmaniinae has acquired a gene for catalase and the capacity to convert diaminopimelic acid to lysine.

• MeSH
• aminokyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• Bacteria genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• dolichol metabolismus   MeSH
• ergosterol biosyntéza   MeSH
• Eukaryota genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfolipidy metabolismus   MeSH
• glukoneogeneze MeSH
• glykolýza MeSH
• Kinetoplastida enzymologie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• koenzymy metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina listová metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina mevalonová metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů MeSH
• metabolismus sacharidů MeSH
• mikrotělíska metabolismus   MeSH
• mitochondrie enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• močovina metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy metabolismus   MeSH
• pentózofosfátový cyklus MeSH
• peroxizomy metabolismus   MeSH
• polyaminy metabolismus   MeSH
• prenylace proteinů MeSH
• protozoální geny genetika   MeSH
• protozoální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• puriny biosyntéza   metabolismus   MeSH
• pyrimidiny biosyntéza   metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• Trypanosomatina enzymologie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• ubichinon metabolismus   MeSH
• vitaminy metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

To further investigate the diversity of Trypanosomatidae we have examined the species present within the flea (Siphonaptera) population in the Czech Republic. Out of 1549 fleas, 239 were found to be infected by trypanosomatids. Axenic cultures were established from 90 infected specimens and 29 of them were further characterized. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the SL RNA, gGAPDH, and SSU rRNA genes revealed a striking diversity within this group and analyzed isolates were classified into 16 Typing units (TUs) of which 15 typified new species. In addition to one Trypanosoma species, two TUs grouped within the sub-family Leishmaniinae, two clustered together with Herpetomonas, wheras 11 TUs formed a novel clade branching off between Trypanosoma spp. and remaining trypanosomatids. We propose to recognize this clade as a new genus Blechomonas and a new subfamily Blechomonadinae, and provide molecular and morphological description of 11 TUs representing this genus. Our finding of such an ancient host-specific group sheds new light at the origin of Trypanosomatidae and the roots of dixenous parasitism. The strict host restriction of Blechomonas to Siphonaptera with adult fleas' dependence on blood meal may reflect passing of parasites from larvae through pupae to adults and implies potential transmission to the warm-blooded vertebrates.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hlodavci MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• Siphonaptera klasifikace   genetika   parazitologie   MeSH
• Trypanosomatina klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

We describe the monoxenous trypanosomatids parasitizing true bugs and flies on the island of Curaçao. Out of 248 examined true bugs belonging to 17 species, 93 individuals were found to be infected (overall 38% prevalence) by at least one trypanosomatid species (referred to as typing units; TUs). Out of 80 flies, six were infected. All detected trypanosomatids were compared based on their 18S rRNA sequences with TUs parasitizing bugs and flies described from mainland South America, allowing us to assess their diversity and distribution. Besides Leptomonas pyrrhocoris and Leptomonas seymouri, two known species of the subfamily Leishmaniinae, our analysis revealed six new TUs falling into the groups 'jaculum', Blastocrithidia and Herpetomonas. Moreover, two new members of the genus Phytomonas and three new TUs belonging to the monophyletic group designated as 'new clade II' sensu Mol. Phylogenet. Evol, 69, 255 (2013) were isolated. The detected trypanosomatids were characterized by moderate diversity (13 TUs) species richness. Out of nine and four TUs from the heteropteran and dipteran hosts, respectively, 11 TUs have not been encountered before. Although a sampling bias may partially affect the comparison between trypanosomatid communities on Curaçao and the mainland, the high proportion of unique TUs from the former location suggests that the prominent role of islands in increasing the global diversity of macroscopic organisms may also extend to their protistan parasites.

• MeSH
• Diptera parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Heteroptera parazitologie   MeSH
• RNA protozoální analýza   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S analýza   MeSH
• Trypanosomatina klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Curacao MeSH

UNLABELLED: We describe a novel symbiotic association between a kinetoplastid protist, Novymonas esmeraldas gen. nov., sp. nov., and an intracytoplasmic bacterium, "Candidatus Pandoraea novymonadis" sp. nov., discovered as a result of a broad-scale survey of insect trypanosomatid biodiversity in Ecuador. We characterize this association by describing the morphology of both organisms, as well as their interactions, and by establishing their phylogenetic affinities. Importantly, neither partner is closely related to other known organisms previously implicated in eukaryote-bacterial symbiosis. This symbiotic association seems to be relatively recent, as the host does not exert a stringent control over the number of bacteria harbored in its cytoplasm. We argue that this unique relationship may represent a suitable model for studying the initial stages of establishment of endosymbiosis between a single-cellular eukaryote and a prokaryote. Based on phylogenetic analyses, Novymonas could be considered a proxy for the insect-only ancestor of the dixenous genus Leishmania and shed light on the origin of the two-host life cycle within the subfamily Leishmaniinae. IMPORTANCE: The parasitic trypanosomatid protist Novymonas esmeraldas gen. nov., sp. nov. entered into endosymbiosis with the bacterium "Ca. Pandoraea novymonadis" sp. nov. This novel and rather unstable interaction shows several signs of relatively recent establishment, qualifying it as a potentially unique transient stage in the increasingly complex range of eukaryotic-prokaryotic relationships.

• MeSH
• Burkholderiaceae klasifikace   cytologie   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• symbióza * MeSH
• Trypanosomatina klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Ekvádor MeSH

The extreme biological diversity of Oceanian archipelagos has long stimulated research in ecology and evolution. However, parasitic protists in this geographic area remained neglected and no molecular analyses have been carried out to understand the evolutionary patterns and relationships with their hosts. Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a biodiversity hotspot containing over 5% of the world's biodiversity in less than 0.5% of the total land area. In the current work, we examined insect heteropteran hosts collected in PNG for the presence of trypanosomatid parasites. The diversity of insect flagellates was analysed, to our knowledge for the first time, east of Wallace's Line, one of the most distinct biogeographic boundaries of the world. Out of 907 investigated specimens from 138 species and 23 families of the true bugs collected in eight localities, 135 (15%) were infected by at least one trypanosomatid species. High species diversity of captured hosts correlated with high diversity of detected trypanosomatids. Of 46 trypanosomatid Typing Units documented in PNG, only eight were known from other geographic locations, while 38 TUs (~83%) have not been previously encountered. The widespread trypanosomatid TUs were found in both widely distributed and endemic/sub-endemic insects. Approximately one-third of the endemic trypanosomatid TUs were found in widely distributed hosts, while the remaining species were confined to endemic and sub-endemic insects. The TUs from PNG form clades with conspicuous host-parasite coevolutionary patterns, as well as those with a remarkable lack of this trait. In addition, our analysis revealed new members of the subfamilies Leishmaniinae and Strigomonadinae, potentially representing new genera of trypanosomatids.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hmyz parazitologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• Trypanosomatina klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Papua Nová Guinea MeSH