Unter dem Fundgut der mesolithischen Moorstation Friesack 4 im nordostdeutschen Land Brandenburg befinden sich 12 Knochenfragmente und sechs Zähne vom Menschen, darunter vier gelochte Schmuckzähne. Sie gehören dem späten Präboreal, dem frühen Boreal und dem älteren Atlantikum an. Die Knochenfragmente werden als Relikte von mesolithischen Bestattungen auf dem Wohnplatz oder in dessen Nähe gedeutet, die sekundär in die subaquatisch abgelagerten Sedimente des ehemaligen Gewässers neben dem Siedelplatz gelangt sind. Die gelochten Menschenzähne können ebenfalls aus zerstörten Gräbern stammen, aber auch auf dem Wohnplatz selbst verloren worden und erst mit dem Sediment in die Fundposition gelangt sein. Bemerkenswert ist ein doppelt gelochter, also als Schmuckzahn zugerichteter Molar eines Kindes, der nicht durchgebrochen noch im Kiefer gesteckt haben muss und erst nach dem Tode des Kindes extrahiert worden ist.

The archaeological finds from the Mesolithic bog site Friesack 4 in the north eastern German federal state Brandenburg comprise 12 bone fragments and six teeth of man, including four perforated teeth ornaments. They are dated to the late Preboreal, the early Boreal and to the earlier Atlantic times. The bone fragments are interpreted as relics from Mesolithic burials on the settlement site itself or in the immediate neighbourhood. They could have reached only secondarily to their find position in the subaquatic sediments of the former lake adjacent to the settlement transported together with the eroded sediments to their position. Noteworthy is a perforated molar of a child which in the life time of the child was not broken through in the jaw, therefore it could have been extracted only after the death of the child.

• MeSH
• antropometrie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mokřady MeSH
• neterapeutická modifikace těla MeSH
• rytectví a rytiny MeSH
• tělesné pozůstatky * anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zuby MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Německo MeSH

• MeSH
• antropologie fyzická metody   MeSH
• antropometrie metody   MeSH
• archeologie metody   MeSH
• kefalometrie využití   MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• paleontologie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Španělsko MeSH

Analyses of upper limb bone bilateral asymmetry can shed light on manipulative behavior, sexual division of labor, and the effects of economic transitions on skeletal morphology. We compared the maximum (absolute) and directional asymmetry in humeral length, articular breadth, and cross-sectional diaphyseal geometry (CSG) in a large (n > 1200) European sample distributed among 11 archaeological periods from the Early Upper Paleolithic through the 20(th) century. Asymmetry in length and articular breadth is right-biased, but relatively small and fairly constant between temporal periods. Females show more asymmetry in length than males. This suggests a low impact of behavioral changes on asymmetry in length and breadth, but strong genetic control with probable sex linkage of asymmetry in length. Asymmetry in CSG properties is much more marked than in length and articular breadth, with sex-specific variation. In males, a major decline in asymmetry occurs between the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic. There is no further decline in asymmetry between the Mesolithic and Neolithic in males and only limited variation during the Holocene. In females, a major decline occurs between the Mesolithic and Neolithic, with resulting average directional asymmetry close to zero. Asymmetry among females continues to be very low in the subsequent Copper and Bronze Ages, but increases again in the Iron Age. Changes in female asymmetry result in an increase of sexual dimorphism during the early agricultural periods, followed by a decrease in the Iron Age. Sexual dimorphism again slightly declines after the Late Medieval. Our results indicate that changes in manipulative behavior were sex-specific with a probable higher impact of changes in hunting behavior on male asymmetry (e.g., shift from unimanual throwing to use of the bow-and-arrow) and food grain processing in females, specifically, use of two-handed saddle querns in the early agricultural periods and one-handed rotary querns in later agricultural periods.

• MeSH
• archeologie MeSH
• diafýzy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• humerus anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• zkameněliny anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

OBJECTIVES: This study presents biological affinities between the last hunter-fisher-gatherers and first food-producing societies from the Nile Valley. We investigate odontometric and dental tissue proportion changes between these populations from the Middle Nile Valley and acknowledge the biological processes behind them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dental remains of 329 individuals from Nubia and Central Sudan that date from the Late Pleistocene to the mid-Holocene are studied. Using 3D imaging techniques, we investigated outer and inner metric aspects of upper central incisors, and first and second upper molars. RESULTS: Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic foragers display homogeneous crown dimensions, dental tissue proportions, and enamel thickness distribution. This contrasts with Neolithic trends for significant differences from earlier samples on inner and outer aspects. Finally, within the Neolithic sample differences are found between Nubian and Central Sudanese sites. DISCUSSION: Substantial dental variation appears to have occurred around 6000 bce in the Nile Valley, coinciding with the emergence of food-producing societies in the region. Archeological and biological records suggest little differences in dietary habits and dental health during this transition. Furthermore, the substantial variations identified here would have happened in an extremely short time, a few centuries at most. This does not support in situ diet-related adaptation. Rather, we suggest these data are consistent with some level of population discontinuity between the Mesolithic and Neolithic samples considered here. Complex settlement processes could also explain the differences between Nubia and Central Sudan, and with previous results based on nonmetric traits.

• MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• dieta dějiny   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• moláry anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• paleodontologie * MeSH
• řezáky anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zuby anatomie a histologie   chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Súdán MeSH

Important gaps remain in our understanding of the spread of farming into Europe, due partly to apparent contradictions between studies of contemporary genetic variation and ancient DNA. It seems clear that farming was introduced into central, northern, and eastern Europe from the south by pioneer colonization. It is often argued that these dispersals originated in the Near East, where the potential source genetic pool resembles that of the early European farmers, but clear ancient DNA evidence from Mediterranean Europe is lacking, and there are suggestions that Mediterranean Europe may have resembled the Near East more than the rest of Europe in the Mesolithic. Here, we test this proposal by dating mitogenome founder lineages from the Near East in different regions of Europe. We find that whereas the lineages date mainly to the Neolithic in central Europe and Iberia, they largely date to the Late Glacial period in central/eastern Mediterranean Europe. This supports a scenario in which the genetic pool of Mediterranean Europe was partly a result of Late Glacial expansions from a Near Eastern refuge, and that this formed an important source pool for subsequent Neolithic expansions into the rest of Europe.

• MeSH
• běloši MeSH
• efekt zakladatele MeSH
• etnicita MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• genom lidský * MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA analýza   MeSH
• starobylá DNA analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Střední východ MeSH
• Středomoří MeSH

The Neolithic transition in west Eurasia occurred in two main steps: the gradual development of sedentism and plant cultivation in the Near East and the subsequent spread of Neolithic cultures into the Aegean and across Europe after 7000 cal BCE. Here, we use published ancient genomes to investigate gene flow events in west Eurasia during the Neolithic transition. We confirm that the Early Neolithic central Anatolians in the ninth millennium BCE were probably descendants of local hunter-gatherers, rather than immigrants from the Levant or Iran. We further study the emergence of post-7000 cal BCE north Aegean Neolithic communities. Although Aegean farmers have frequently been assumed to be colonists originating from either central Anatolia or from the Levant, our findings raise alternative possibilities: north Aegean Neolithic populations may have been the product of multiple westward migrations, including south Anatolian emigrants, or they may have been descendants of local Aegean Mesolithic groups who adopted farming. These scenarios are consistent with the diversity of material cultures among Aegean Neolithic communities and the inheritance of local forager know-how. The demographic and cultural dynamics behind the earliest spread of Neolithic culture in the Aegean could therefore be distinct from the subsequent Neolithization of mainland Europe.

• MeSH
• archeologie MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• genom lidský * MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migrace lidstva dějiny   MeSH
• tok genů * MeSH
• zemědělci dějiny   MeSH
• zemědělství dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Řecko MeSH
• Turecko MeSH

Human culture, biology, and health were shaped dramatically by the onset of agriculture ∼12,000 y B.P. This shift is hypothesized to have resulted in increased individual fitness and population growth as evidenced by archaeological and population genomic data alongside a decline in physiological health as inferred from skeletal remains. Here, we consider osteological and ancient DNA data from the same prehistoric individuals to study human stature variation as a proxy for health across a transition to agriculture. Specifically, we compared “predicted” genetic contributions to height from paleogenomic data and “achieved” adult osteological height estimated from long bone measurements for 167 individuals across Europe spanning the Upper Paleolithic to Iron Age (∼38,000 to 2,400 B.P.). We found that individuals from the Neolithic were shorter than expected (given their individual polygenic height scores) by an average of −3.82 cm relative to individuals from the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic (P = 0.040) and −2.21 cm shorter relative to post-Neolithic individuals (P = 0.068), with osteological vs. expected stature steadily increasing across the Copper (+1.95 cm relative to the Neolithic), Bronze (+2.70 cm), and Iron (+3.27 cm) Ages. These results were attenuated when we additionally accounted for genome-wide genetic ancestry variation: for example, with Neolithic individuals −2.82 cm shorter than expected on average relative to pre-Neolithic individuals (P = 0.120). We also incorporated observations of paleopathological indicators of nonspecific stress that can persist from childhood to adulthood in skeletal remains into our model. Overall, our work highlights the potential of integrating disparate datasets to explore proxies of health in prehistory.

• MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• kostra * anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• paleopatologie MeSH
• starobylá DNA MeSH
• tělesná výška * genetika   MeSH
• zdraví * dějiny   MeSH
• zemědělci * dějiny   MeSH
• zemědělství * dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

OBJECTIVE: We aim to identify maternal genetic affinities between the Middle to Final Neolithic (3850-2300 BC) populations from present-day Poland and possible genetic influences from the Pontic steppe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted ancient DNA studies from populations associated with Złota, Globular Amphora, Funnel Beaker, and Corded Ware cultures (CWC). We sequenced genomic libraries on Illumina platform to generate 86 complete ancient mitochondrial genomes. Some of the samples were enriched for mitochondrial DNA using hybridization capture. RESULTS: The maternal genetic composition found in Złota-associated individuals resembled that found in people associated with the Globular Amphora culture which indicates that both groups likely originated from the same maternal genetic background. Further, these two groups were closely related to the Funnel Beaker culture-associated population. None of these groups shared a close affinity to CWC-associated people. Haplogroup U4 was present only in the CWC group and absent in Złota group, Globular Amphora, and Funnel Beaker cultures. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of mitochondrial haplogroups of Neolithic farmer origin identified in Early, Middle and Late Neolithic populations suggests a genetic continuity of these maternal lineages in the studied area. Although overlapping in time - and to some extent - in cultural expressions, none of the studied groups (Złota, Globular Amphora, Funnel Beaker), shared a close genetic affinity to CWC-associated people, indicating a larger extent of cultural influence from the Pontic steppe than genetic exchange. The higher frequency of haplogroup U5b found in populations associated with Funnel Beaker, Globular Amphora, and Złota cultures suggest a gradual maternal genetic influx from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Moreover, presence of haplogroup U4 in Corded Ware groups is most likely associated with the migrations from the Pontic steppe at the end of the Neolithic and supports the observed genetic distances.

• MeSH
• antropologie fyzická MeSH
• běloši genetika   MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• haplotypy genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• starobylá DNA * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko MeSH

• MeSH
• antropologie fyzická MeSH
• dietetika MeSH
• fyziologie výživy MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň MeSH
• paleopatologie MeSH
• stopové prvky MeSH
• těžké kovy MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• Konspekt
• Antropologie
• NLK Obory
• antropologie