Mikulášková, Barbora*
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- MeSH
- COVID-19 * rehabilitace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pohybová aktivita MeSH
- rehabilitace metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- úvodníky MeSH
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * rehabilitace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rehabilitace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- úvodníky MeSH
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * rehabilitace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pohybová aktivita MeSH
- rehabilitace metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- úvodníky MeSH
Součástí vyšetření tělovýchovným (sportovním) lékařem by mělo být i orientační vyšetření pohybového systému, jelikož je výkon každého sportovce ovlivňován nejen jeho pohybovými dovednostmi a zkušenostmi, ale také svalovou koordinací, fyzickými parametry a psychickou odolností vůči stresu. Při hodnocení pohybu a sportovní zátěže musíme hodnotit všechny složky, které se na pohybu a jeho řízení podílejí. Nevýhodná posturální situace vede z dlouhodobého hlediska ke vzniku svalových dysbalancí, přetížení určité oblasti a následně ke vzniku mikrotraumat. Schopnost provedení základního vyšetření pohybového aparátu je pro sportovního kardiologa velkou výhodou, jelikož může najít patologii, která by mohla vysvětlovat potíže, pro které je sportovec vyšetřován. Poté je sportovec odeslán na speciální kineziologické vyšetření k fyzioterapeutovi. Článek se v první části proto věnuje zkrácené verzi vyšetření pohybového systému, kde zdůrazňuje i vyšetření dechového stereotypu. Ve druhé části upozorňuje na možné patologie pohybového systému, které se mohou projevovat jako kardiorespirační potíže. Zde popisuje vztahy somatoviscerální a viscerosomatické, dále muskuloskeletální, jako je například pectus excavatum nebo "slipping rib syndrom".
The examination by a doctor of physical education (sports doctor) should also include an orientation examination of the musculoskeletal system, as the performance of each athlete is influenced not only by his movement skills and experience, but also by muscle coordination, physical parameters, and mental resistance to stress. When evaluating movement and sports load, we need to evaluate all components that participate in movement and its control. An unfavorable postural situation leads in the long run to the development of muscle imbalances, overloading of a certain area and subsequently to the development of microtraumas. The opportunity to carry out a basic examination of the musculoskeletal system is a great advantage for a sports cardiologist, as he/she can find a pathology that could explain the problems for which the athlete is being examined. Then the athlete is referred to a special kinesiological examination to a physiotherapist. The first part of the article is therefore devoted to an abbreviated version of the examination of the musculoskeletal system, where it also emphasizes the examination of the respiratory stereotype. The second part draws attention to possible pathologies of the musculoskeletal system, which may manifest themselves as cardiorespiratory problems. Somatovisceral and viscerosomatic relations, as well as musculoskeletal, such as pectus excavatum or "slipping rib syndrome" are described there.
- MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- dýchání MeSH
- hrudní koš diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie patologie MeSH
- kineziologie aplikovaná metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- muskuloskeletální manipulace metody MeSH
- muskuloskeletální systém * anatomie a histologie patofyziologie patologie MeSH
- postura těla MeSH
- sportovci MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
High fructose intake from soft drinks and sweets is assumed to have a negative impact on human health. Yet in spite of intensive research, the molecular mechanisms of these effects have not been fully elucidated yet, for example, the effect of high fructose intake could be different in normal and obese individuals. Four groups of mice were used in this study: control groups of lean mice and mice with obesity induced by a high-fat diet, then both of these groups with or without fructose administration in drinks. In plasma of each group, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, free fatty acids, alanine aminotransferase, insulin and adiponectin were measured. The expression levels of selected microRNAs (miRNAs) in plasma, the liver, white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue were quantified. In both lean and obese mice, high fructose intake increased cholesterol amount in the liver, up-regulated hepatic miR-27a, down-regulated miR-33a in white adipose tissue and increased plasmatic level of miR-21. The effect of high fructose intake on other miRNAs in the liver, plasma and adipose tissues differed in normal and obese mice. Fructose intake led to hepatic hypercholesterolemia and aberrant expression of several miRNAs participating in lipid metabolism, adipocytes differentiation and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease promotion. The effect of fructose on miRNAs expression differed in normal and obese mice. Nevertheless, plasmatic miR-21, which was induced by fructose in both lean and obese mice, may be considered as a potential biomarker of excessive fructose intake.
- MeSH
- bílá tuková tkáň účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků škodlivé účinky MeSH
- fruktosa škodlivé účinky MeSH
- hnědá tuková tkáň účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- játra účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- mikro RNA krev účinky léků MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- obezita genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The situation following anti-obesity drug termination is rarely investigated, eventhough a decrease in body weight needs to be sustained. Therefore, this study examined the impact of twice-daily peripheral administration of 5 mg/kg [N-palm-γGlu-Lys11] prolactin-releasing peptide 31 (palm11-PrRP31) in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO from consuming a high-fat diet) after 28 days of treatment (palm11-PrRP31 group) and after 14 days of peptide treatment followed by 14 days of discontinuation (palm11-PrRP31 + saline group). At the end of the treatment, cumulative food intake, body weight and subcutaneous fat weight/body weight ratio and leptin plasma level were reduced significantly in both the palm11-PrRP31 group and the palm11-PrRP31 + saline group compared to the saline control group. This reduction correlated with significantly increased FOSB, a marker of long-term neuronal potentiation, in the nucleus arcuatus and nucleus tractus solitarii, areas known to be affected by the anorexigenic effect of palm11-PrRP31. Moreover, activation of leptin-related hypothalamic signaling was registered through an increase in phosphoinositide-3-kinase, increased phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB, AKT) and enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Besides, lowered apoptotic markers c-JUN N-terminal kinase and c-JUN phosphorylation were registered in the hypothalami of both palm11-PrRP31-treated groups. This study demonstrates that palm11-PrRP31 positively affects feeding and leptin-related hypothalamic signaling, not only after 28 days of treatment but even 14 days after the termination of a 14-day long treatment without the yo-yo effect.
- MeSH
- apoptóza MeSH
- fosforylace MeSH
- hormon uvolňující prolaktin metabolismus MeSH
- hypothalamus metabolismus MeSH
- leptin metabolismus MeSH
- leptinové receptory metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- messenger RNA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši obézní MeSH
- neurony metabolismus MeSH
- omezení příjmu potravy krev MeSH
- přijímání potravy MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Anorexigenic palmitoylated prolactin-releasing peptide (palm11-PrRP) is able to act centrally after peripheral administration in rat and mouse models of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or neurodegeneration. Functional leptin and intact leptin signaling pathways are necessary for the body weight reducing and glucose tolerance improving effect of palm11-PrRP. We have previously shown that palm11-PrRP31 had glucose-lowering properties but not anti-obesity effect in Koletsky rats with leptin signaling disturbances, so improvements in glucose metabolism appear to be completely independent of leptin signaling. The purpose of this study was to describe relationship between metabolic and neurodegenerative pathologies and explore if palm11-PrRP31 could ameliorate them in obese fa/fa rat model with leptin signaling disruption. SUBJECT/METHODS: The fa/fa rats and their age-matched lean controls at the age 32 weeks were used for this study. The rats were infused for 2 months with saline or palm11-PrRP31 (n = 7-8 per group) at a dose of 5 mg/kg per day using Alzet osmotic pumps. During the dosing period food intake and body weight were monitored. At the end of experiment the oral glucose tolerance test was performed; plasma and tissue samples were collected and arterial blood pressure was measured. Then, markers of leptin and insulin signaling, Tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and synaptogenesis were measured by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Fa/fa rats developed obesity, mild glucose intolerance, and peripheral insulin resistance but not hypertension while palm11-PrRP31 treatment neither lowered body weight nor attenuated glucose tolerance but ameliorated leptin and insulin signaling and synaptogenesis in hippocampus. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that palm11-PrRP31 had neuroprotective features without anti-obesity and glucose lowering effects in fa/fa rats. This data suggest that this analog has the potential to exert neuroprotective effect despite of leptin signaling disturbances in this rat model.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu * farmakoterapie MeSH
- glukosa MeSH
- hormon uvolňující prolaktin farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- inzulin terapeutické užití MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- leptin * MeSH
- myši MeSH
- obezita metabolismus MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are preconditions for the development of metabolic syndrome, which is reaching pandemic levels worldwide, but there are still only a few anti-obesity drugs available. One of the promising tools for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic complications is anorexigenic peptides, such as prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP). PrRP is a centrally acting neuropeptide involved in food intake and body weight (BW) regulation. In its natural form, it has limitations for peripheral administration; thus, we designed analogs of PrRP lipidized at the N-terminal region that showed high binding affinities, increased stability and central anorexigenic effects after peripheral administration. In this review, we summarize the preclinical results of our chronic studies on the pharmacological role of the two most potent palmitoylated PrRP31 analogs in various mouse and rat models of obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. We used mice and rats with diet-induced obesity fed a high-fat diet, which is considered to simulate the most common form of human obesity, or rodent models with leptin deficiency or disrupted leptin signaling in which long-term food intake regulation by leptin is distorted. The rodent models described in this review are models of metabolic syndrome with different severities, such as obesity or morbid obesity, prediabetes or diabetes and hypertension. We found that the effects of palmitoylated PrRP31 on food intake and BW but not on glucose intolerance require intact leptin signaling. Thus, palmitoylated PrRP31 analogs have potential as therapeutics for obesity and related metabolic complications.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The most important risk factor for the development of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is ageing. Senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) is a model of sporadic AD, with senescence accelerated resistant mouse (SAMR1) as a control. In this study, we aimed to determine the onset of senescence-induced neurodegeneration and the related potential therapeutic window using behavioral experiments, immunohistochemistry and western blotting in SAMP8 and SAMR1 mice at 3, 6 and 9 months of age. The Y-maze revealed significantly impaired working spatial memory of SAMP8 mice from the 6th month. With ageing, increasing plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in SAMP8 mice were detected as well as significantly increased astrocytosis in the cortex and microgliosis in the brainstem. Moreover, from the 3rd month, SAMP8 mice displayed a decreased number of neurons and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. From the 6th month, increased pathological phosphorylation of tau protein at Thr231 and Ser214 was observed in the hippocampi of SAMP8 mice. In conclusion, changes specific for neurodegenerative processes were observed between the 3rd and 6th month of age in SAMP8 mice; thus, potential neuroprotective interventions could be applied between these ages.
