A bone mineral density (BMD) test can provide a snapshot of bone health. The test identifies osteoporosis, determines the risk of fracture (broken bones), and measures the response to osteoporosis treatment. The study attempted to determine the effects of three different rest periods (30, 60, 120 sec.) as a variable factor in strength training on selected indicators of total bone density. The experiment involved four groups of five participants: three experimental groups and one control group. The study’s participants were characterized as athletic in ability, with strength sufficient training experience of more than 3 years and technical knowledge; the participants were male, aged 18-35 years (n = 20). To evaluate the effect of rest pauses in strength training on bone density, the states before and after the experiment were compared in individuals, the experimental groups and the control group. For analysis we use the BMD index (g /cm2), T-score, and Z-score. In the group which applied the 30-second rest period, the mean BMD increase was 0.0046 g/cm2 with a standard deviation of 0.0079 g/cm2, in the 60-second group it was -0.0260 g/cm2 with a standard deviation of 0.0412 g/cm2, and in the 120-second group it was 0.0082 g/cm2 with a standard deviation of 0.0168 g/cm2. At a statistical significance level of 5%, no significant difference in bone density was found between the groups for different rest pauses, but the factual significance of the relationship of strength training as a possible prevention of osteoporosis and solving problems of the musculoskeletal system.

The purpose was to investigate whether runners who do not squat their body weight once will not be overloaded with a weight vest with a load of 5% of BW and will not maintain 95% intensity across ten repetitions of a 20-meter sprint. Eight adult female students (24,05±1,15 years old; body height 168±4,24 cm; body weight 60,39±5,53 kg) from the faculty of sports studies at Masaryk University in the Czech Republic participated in this study. Categories were: 1 = NBW (1RM in the squat is relative body weight ± 5 kg), 2 = LBW (1RM in the squat is lower than BW-5 kg) and 3 = HBW (1RM in the squat is higher than BW +5 kg). The measurements took place on three different days, each day running with another experimental condition: free sprinting, weighted vest sprinting with a 5% load of BW, and weighted vest sprinting with a 5% load of 1RM squat. With a weight vest with resistance at the level of 5% of body weight, during 49 sprints, the intensity decreased by a maximum of 4.82% (participant 4, NBW group, 1st run). Although, with weight vest resistance at the level of 5% of the 1RM back squats, during 68 sprints, the intensity decreased by a maximum of 6.59% (participant 1, NBW group, 8th run). It seems that the level of strength abilities of the lower limbs did not play a role in this, we can calculate 5% intensity from both BW and 1 RM squat. Since the HBW group could maintain the required intensity even at significantly higher weights than 5% BW, further research with a larger research sample is needed.

The paper deals with changes in body composition (muscle mass, adipose tissue and bone mass), and changes in manifestations of maximal strength of extensors and flexors of lower and upper limbs in relation to different periods of rest (30 s, 60 s, 120 s). The research was carried out on 23 participants aged 18-30 years in natural bodybuilders of top performance, in a 5-week training intervention of bodybuilding training. At a statistical significance level of 5%, there was no significant difference in muscle tissue hypertrophy, although Group 2 (60 p.) Achieved a two-fold increase in percentage FFM compared to the other two groups, achieving a change of 1.18 %. At a statistical significance level of 5%, we noticed significant differences in the maximum force increase in knee joint flexors, and only in group 3 (120 s) by up to 11%. Significant differences in muscle strength increase were also observed in groups 2 and 3 in the elbow joint extensors and in the elbow joint flexors only in group 1.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to find out whether a more specific stimulus, such as training which stimulates the production of power above 90% of Pmax (Pmax = maximal average concentric power output), is effective in enhancing the countermovement jump (CMJ) performance using the method of complex pairs or separate execution of the exercises in the complex pair (separate complex pair). METHODS Thirty male students of the Faculty of Sports Studies were divided into 2 experimental (EX1, EX2) and 1 control group (CNTR). The experimental groups trained for 8 weeks using the complex training (CT) method twice a week with the same amount of repetitions for each exercise. The complex pair consisted of half-squat jumps with the intensity over 90% of Pmax and plyometric depth-jumps. EX1 trained using the complex pair method with the intracomplex rest interval of up to 15 seconds. EX2 trained all sets of the half-squat jumps first and then all sets of the plyometric exercise. We used non-parametric statistics and linear regression analysis to evaluate the effect on increasing the CMJ performance after the intervention program. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the pre-test and post-test in any of the experimental groups (p > 0.05), although there were significant differences between the weeks in EX1 and EX2 (p < 0.05). The CMJ performance increased insignificantly (p > 0.05) each week by 0.14 cm in EX1 and by 0.07 cm in EX2. CONCLUSION These results did not clearly show the application of the CT methods to be useful in enhancing the CMJ. In practice we recommend using the complex pairs to save training time and increase training intensity. However, an additional longer-term intervention experiment with a bigger sample size and groups randomized by the CMJ parameter (not by Pmax) is needed.

• MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohybová aktivita MeSH
• svalová síla * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH

PURPOSE Many types of vertical jumps (VJ) are commonly used to assess the development of the level of explosive strength of lower limbs achieved after a training period. This study is focused on comparing various parameters of different types of VJ with 1 RM in Olympic-style weightlifting, squat and deadlift with an Olympic bar. he snatch r=0.8 r2= 0.64, clean and jerk r=0.81 r2= 0.65, back squat r=0.82 r2= 0.67 and deadlift r=0.78 r2= 0.60; for the SJ with hands on the hips and the snatch r= 0.76 r2= 0.57, clean and jerk r= 0.75 r2= 0.56, back squat r= 0.77 r2= 0.59 and deadlift r= 0.71 r2= 0.50. Significant correlation coefficients were not found for 1 RM in the snatch, clean and jerk, back squat and deadlift and the CMJ or SJ with and without arm swing in any of the following parameters: jump height (m), relative force (% of body weight), relative power output (W/kg of body weight). CONCLUSION The main finding is that the jump height (m) of the CMJ or SJ with or without arm swing did not correlate significantly with 1 RM in the snatch, clean and jerk, back squat and deadlift. Therefore, jump height measurement can be used as a motivation tool but not to predict maximum strength in Olympic bar exercises, or vice versa. We recommend using the average power output (W) parameter in the CMJ with using arms as a predictor of current performance level in exercises with an Olympic bar for men and women.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohybová aktivita MeSH
• sportovci MeSH
• sportovní výkon MeSH
• tělesná námaha MeSH
• vzpírání * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

The relationship between the muscular strength of hamstrings and quadriceps and their possible muscular imbalance is considered by many authors as one of the causes of knee joint injury. The aim of this work is to assess the exercise program including squat modifications both in terms of progression of lower limb strength and in terms of possible change of H: Q ratio. Probands were divided into five groups (one control, four experimental). The experimental groups practiced the intervention program twice a week for eight weeks (EX1: Barbell squat, EX2: Barbell half squat, EX3: Barbell half squat with countermovement). In one training session participants repeated the exercise five times in six series. All experimental groups exhibited significant differences in mean values (p < 0.01), indicating the progression of lower limb strength measured by 1RM for barbell squat. The differences in the mean values of the H: Q ratio measured on an isokinetic dynamometer in the isokinetic test mode at angular velocities of 60 and 300 degrees per second do not show statistically significant differences (p = 0.99338). The established strength intervention program is suitable for the development of lower limb strength and does not show any changes in the H: Q ratio.

• MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• čtyřhlavý sval stehenní MeSH
• kolenní kloub * patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sportovní úrazy MeSH
• svalová síla MeSH
• techniky cvičení a pohybu MeSH
• zadní stehenní svaly MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Weightlifting heavy load exercises are commonly used as a key instrument for enhancing performance if compared to those not using the exercise stimulating muscle tone. Studies examined the post-activation effect (PAP) using only one parameter but not in consecutive and intermingling exercises to prolongated the time of the PAP effect duration and maintain increased performance. Nine male students, with resistance training experience, performed warm-up and exercises enhancing muscle tone (EEMT) using squats to 90° flexion in the knee joint with 80 % 1 RM (repetition maximum) in 3 sets with 3 repetitions of squat in each set (2-3 min. rest intervals). After EEMT they performed a 10-m sprint test in 2nd and 5th min, the countermovement long jump (CLJ) test in the 5th and 6th minute, a 10-m sprint test in the 10th and 11th minute and the CLJ test in the 12th and 14th minute. The results showed that the average improvement was in 10-m sprint after EEMT 0,013 ± 0,05 seconds, but there were no statistical differences observed between the result without and with EEMT (p>0.05). We observed a significant improvement between jumps without and with EEMT in 5 – 14th min (p<0.05). There were no statistical differences between the results in CLJ carried out in 5-6th min after EEMT and after two 10-m sprints and the results carried out in 12-14th min. after EEMT, four 10-m sprints and two jumps (p>0.05). It was found that 10-m sprint has no negative effect on performance in the long jump and could be regularly applied to prolong the PAP effect.

• Klíčová slova
• dřep,
• MeSH
• běh fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sportovci MeSH
• sportovní výkon MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Vytrvalostní sportovní výkon je ovlivňován mnoha faktory. Jedním z nich je ekonomika pohybu. V na- šem výzkumu se věnujeme ekonomice běžecké a cyklistické. Účastníky výzkumu byli studenti prvního ročníku Fakulty sportovních studií Masarykovy univerzity. Výzkum dokončilo 28 testovaných osob (věk 20,29 ± 0,94 let, výška 182,32 ± 7,98 cm, hmotnost 76,98 ± 10,03 kg), které byly náhodně rozděleny do experimentální a kontrolní skupiny. Před tréninkovým programem i po něm probíhalo vstupní testování zaměřené na zjišťování RE (ekonomika běhu) a CE (cyklistická ekonomika). Intervenční tréninkový program plyometrického charakteru trval 8 týdnů, probandi trénovali 2× v týdnu (8 sérií po 10 opakováních cviku depth jump v každém tréninku). Výsledky ukázaly, že realizací krátkodobého plyometrického tréninku prostřednictvím cviku depth jump nedošlo k signifikantnímu zlepšení RE při běhu rychlostí 10 a 12 km.hod.–1 Stejně tak nedošlo k signifikantnímu zlepšení CE při zátěži 1,5 W.kg–1 a 2 W.kg–1. Z hlediska výstupů pro praxi nedoporučujeme při uvedených rychlostech a intenzitě šlapání aplikovat plyometrický trénink daného charakteru.

Endurance sport performance is influenced by many factors, such as motor economies. In this research we focused on running and cycling economies. Twenty-eight first year students of Faculty of Sport science of Masaryk University (age 20.29 ± 0.94 years, height 182.32 ± 7.98 cm, weight 76.98 ± 10.03 kg) were purposively selected to participate as subjects. The test subjects were randomized into experimental group (n = 17) and control group (n = 11). Pre-test and post-test were taken on RE and CE. The PI protocol was eight weeks, twice a week, eight sets per day, and ten repetitions per set. The results showed that short-term plyometric training using depth jump had no significant effect on RE when running at 10 and 12 km.h–1. Likewise there was no significant effect on CE using strain of 1.5 W.kg–1 and 2 W.kg–1. From the point of view of practical use we do not recommend apply analogous plyometric training using declared running speed and cycling intensity.

• MeSH
• běh statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• cyklistika statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• plyometrická cvičení * metody   MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku MeSH
• studenti MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Pojem „vysoce intenzivní intervalový trénink (HIIT)“ je v odborných publikacích – zejména zahranič- ních – v posledních letech často frekventovaný a tato tréninková metoda je často implementována do tréninkového procesu v různých sportech. Ne vždy je však sportovcům, resp. trenérům známo, k jakým fyziologickým změnám při této formě zátěže dochází. Z hlediska zkvalitnění tréninkového procesu je rovněž důležité srovnání účinnosti metody HIIT s metodou kontinuální zátěže i s dalšími formami intervalových tréninkových metod. Cílem předložené publikace je analýza a deskripce efektu různých forem HIIT podle předem zvolených ukazatelů (tzv. markerů). Prvním z analyzovaných markerů je VO2 max (maximální spotřeba kyslíku) jako důležitý ukazatel účinnosti intervalového tréninku, dalšími markery jsou utilizace lipidů, změny úrovně hormonů a enzymů. Dalším cílem je objasnění souvislostí, týkajících se energetického krytí, metabolismu a kardiorespiračních funkcí v průběhu použití metody HIIT. V rámci řešení výzkumného záměru jsme se zaměřili výhradně na zahraniční studie (n = 150), z let 1978–2015, z nichž bylo do review vybráno celkem 70 studií z databází SportDiscus, Web of Science, ACSM Journal, PubMed. Výběr byl proveden s ohledem na předem zvolená kritéria, jimiž byla především doba trvání výzkumu, charakter výzkumného souboru, četnost intervencí atd. Pro účely rozšíření teoretických poznatků k problematice energetického krytí, metabolismu a kardiorespiračních funkcí byly analyzovány i některé starší studie z posledních 10–15 let, analýza jednotlivých markerů byla provedena na základě publikací z posledního desetiletí. Výzkumy prokázaly, že HIIT má významný vliv na zvýšení úroveň VO2 max, dále bylo zjištěno, že k adaptaci na tento typ tréninku dochází již po dvou týdnech, což umožňuje zkrácení doby trvání tréninkového procesu. Při tomto typu tréninku dochází současně s EPOC efektem (pozátěžová spotřeba kyslíku) k vyššímu spalování energie řádově v desítkách hodin. Prezentované poznatky mohou být využity ve sportovní praxi pro překonání stagnace sportovní výkonnosti a k dosažení výkonnostního zlepšení vlivem uplatnění metody HIIT. V některých studiích bylo zjištěno, že metodu HIIT lze úspěšně aplikovat také u osob s nadváhou, u osob trpících diabetes melitus, resp. u osob se sedavým životním stylem. Vždy je však nutno dbát na individuální přístup a možné riziko přetrénování.

The HIIT – High Intensity Interval Training has become an increasingly used term in foreign publications and this method is frequently implemented in training processes of many athletes. However not every athlete or trainer is aware of the physiological changes which are caused by this form of training. In order to improve the training process it is important to compare the effectiveness of HIIT with the continual training method or other forms of the interval training. The aim of this publication is to analyze and describe the effect of various forms of HIIT according to the set markers: primarily VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake) – interval training effectiveness marker, secondarily lipid utilization, and last but not least hormonal and enzymatic level changes. Another objective of this publication is the clarification and explanation of energy coverage, metabolism and cardio-respiratory function during the application of HIIT method. Within the research plan we focused exclusively on the foreign studies (n = 150) conducted in years 1978–2015 from which we chose 70 studies from databases such as SportDiscus, Web of Science, ACSM Journal, PubMed. The selection was based on the preselected criteria – length of the research, nature of the research group and intervention frequency etc. For the purpose to extend the theoretical bases of the problematics of energy coverage, metabolism and cardio-respiratory function were analyzed several chosen studies from last 10–15 years. The analysis of the individual markers was conducted based on the publications from the last decade. The research has shown that the HIIT has a significant effect on the increase of VO2 max. Further findings also showed that the subject is able to adapt to this type of training in just two weeks which enables the duration of training process to shorten. This type of training also leads simultaneously with EPOC effect (post-exercise oxygen consumption) to higher energy consumption in tens of hours. The presented results can be used in Sports practice to overcome the performance stagnation and lead to performance improvement as a result of the HIIT method implementation. Certain studies show that the HIIT method is also successfully applicable to the overweight individuals, patients with Diabetes mellitus and people with sedentary lifestyle. However, it is always necessary to ensure the individual approach and to avoid the risk of overtraining.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů MeSH
• sportovci MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná námaha fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná výchova metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vysoce intenzivní intervalový trénink * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• metaanalýza MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Práce se zabývá výsledky pilotního výzkumu, který zjišťuje rozdíly v zatížení u bipedální a kvadrupedální chůze. Šetření bylo zaměřeno na ověření vhodného metodického postupu pro měření širšího vzorku populace, stanovení vhodných rychlostí, potřebných délek měřených úseků a sklonu terénů. Z výsledků vyplynuly základní rozdíly v zatížení mezi oběma typy chůze a možnost srovnání s uznávanými doporučeními pro udržení nebo zlepšení fyzické kondice u běžné populace. Dosažené výsledky případové studie s jedním probandem byly zajímavé zejména z pohledu nárůstu množství rozdílů mezi oběma typy chůze se zvýšením rychlostí a obtížností terénu.

The work deals with the results of a pilot research to aimed at the diff erences in load of bipedal and quadrupedal walking. The aim of the investigation was to verify appropriate methodological procedures for measuring a wider sample of population, determining the appropriate speed, the required length of the measured sections and of terrain gradient. Consecutively we could learn the fundamental diff erences of load intensity and work out the recommendations to maintain or improve physical fi tness of the gene ral population. The results of our study with one proband were particularly attractive in terms of diff erences between the two types of walking with increasing speed and level of terrain.

• Klíčová slova
• intenzita, výdej energie,
• MeSH
• chůze fyziologie   MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• ergometrie metody   využití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• pohyb s pomůckou fyziologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• sportovní výkon MeSH
• sporty MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• tělesná námaha MeSH
• zátěžový test metody   využití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH