Two new genera, Rhamphoriopsis and Xylolentia, are described for lignicolous perithecial ascomycetes occurring in terrestrial habitats. Fresh material, living cultures, morphology, and DNA sequence data (nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacers [ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS], 18S and 28S genes, and second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II = RPB2) of these taxa and morphologically similar fungi were studied to determine their relationships. A monophyletic clade including Rhamphoria, Rhodoveronaea, a dematiaceous hyphomycete Linkosia multiseptum, and the two new genera was recovered in the Sordariomycetes based on the 18S-28S-RPB2 data set. It is introduced as the family Rhamphoriaceae and strongly supported by Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. Its members are characterized by perithecial ascomata with a cylindrical or rostrate neck, the absence of stromatic tissue or clypeus, similar anatomy of two-layered ascomatal walls, cylindrical paraphyses, unitunicate asci with a distinct, nonamyloid apical annulus, and dictyoseptate or transversely septate, hyaline or brown ascospores. The mode of conidiogenesis is holoblastic, predominantly on polyblastic-denticulate conidiogenous cells. The Phaeoisaria-like anamorph has been linked to Rhamphoria and Rhamphoriopsis, whereas conidia and conidiophores of Idriella-like synanamorph were formed in vitro in two species of Rhamphoria. The Veronaea-like anamorph is associated with Rhodoveronaea. The anamorph of Xylolentia is a dematiaceous hyphomycete with conidiogenous cells with sympodially extending rachis. A key to members of the family is provided. The classification and nature of species boundaries in Rhamphoria are discussed, and diagnostic characters such as ascospore shape, number of transverse and longitudinal septa, a degree of constriction at the septa, and ability to produce ascoconidia are evaluated.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• multigenová rodina MeSH
• ribozomální DNA MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa II genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• spory hub klasifikace   MeSH
• Xylariales genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The first case of visceral mycotic infection due to Cephalotheca sulfurea (Cephalothecaceae, Ascomycota) is documented in farmed rainbow trout from a raceway culture system. The disease clinically manifested as a hyperaemic area in the liver of the fish, and histological examination using silver and PAS staining showed the presence of numerous foci of hyphae and spores. The causative agent was first isolated in pure culture from the liver and identified using morphological characteristics. Sequence data from ITS and LSU rDNA also clearly confirmed C. sulfurea as the causal agent. The pathogenicity of related species belonging to the family Cephalothecaceae has been well-documented in humans and dogs (superficial as well as systemic infections). However, C. sulfurea has never been reported as a pathogen of humans or animals, including marine and freshwater fishes. The morphological identification of C. sulfurea is difficult due to its similarity to several different fungal genera, and molecular methods are strongly recommended for reliable identification.

• MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• mykózy mikrobiologie   patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci ryb mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• Oncorhynchus mykiss * MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární   MeSH
• Sordariales cytologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• vodní hospodářství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Two strains of an unidentified perithecial ascomycete with a dactylaria-like anamorph and another morphologically similar strain of a dactylaria-like fungus were collected on decaying wood submerged in freshwater. To study their phylogenetic relationships we (i) combined sequence data from the nuclear small and large subunits ribosomal DNA (nc18S and nc28S) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) for a multigene phylogenetic analysis and (ii) used sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the rRNA operon for a species-level analysis. The new genus Pleurotheciella is described for two new species, Pla. rivularia and Pla. centenaria, with nonstromatic perithecia, unitunicate asci, persistent paraphyses and hyaline, septate ascospores and dactylaria-like anamorphs characterized by holoblastic, denticulate conidiogenesis, subhyaline conidiophores and hyaline, septate conidia. Based on morphological and molecular data, Pleurotheciella is closely related to the genera Pleurothecium and Sterigmatobotrys. A key to the three genera and the known species is provided. In the three-gene inferred phylogeny, these genera grouped as a sister clade to the Savoryellales within a robust clade of uncertain higher rank affiliation. Phylogenetic study of the 12 strains that represent Pleurothecium recurvatum revealed four that grouped apart from the core of the species. Two of these strains, which form a monophyletic well supported clade in both phylogenies and share similar morphological characteristics, are described as a new species, Pleurothecium semifecundum.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   MeSH
• dřevo mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fungální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• mykologické určovací techniky MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa II genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sladká voda MeSH
• spory hub klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The class Laboulbeniomycetes comprises biotrophic parasites associated with arthropods and fungi. Two orders are currently recognized, Pyxidiophorales and Laboulbeniales. Herpomyces is an isolated genus of Laboulbeniales, with species that exclusively parasitize cockroaches (Blattodea). Here, we evaluate 39 taxa of Laboulbeniomycetes with a three-locus phylogeny (nrSSU, ITS, nrLSU) and propose a new order in this class. Herpomycetales accommodates a single genus, Herpomyces, with currently 26 species, one of which is described here based on morphological and molecular data. Herpomyces shelfordellae is found on Shelfordella lateralis cockroaches from Hungary, Poland, and the USA. We also build on the six-locus dataset from the Ascomycota Tree of Life paper (Schoch and colleagues, 2009) to confirm that Laboulbeniomycetes and Sordariomycetes are sister classes, and we apply laboulbeniomyceta as a rankless taxon for the now well-resolved node that describes the most recent common ancestor of both classes.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• nukleotidy genetika   MeSH
• švábi mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Maďarsko MeSH

During a study of endophytic and saprotrophic fungi in the sapwood and phloem of broadleaf trees (Salix alba, Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula) fungi belonging to an anamorphic coelomycetous genus not attributable to a described taxon were detected and isolated in pure culture. The new genus, Liberomyces, with two species, L. saliciphilus and L. macrosporus, is described. Both species have subglobose conidiomata containing holoblastic sympodial conidiogenous cells. The conidiomata dehisce irregularly or by ostiole and secrete a slimy suspension of conidia. The conidia are hyaline, narrowly allantoid with a typically curved distal end. In L. macrosporus simultaneous production of synanamorph with thin filamentous conidia was observed occasionally. The genus has no known teleomorph. Related sequences in the public databases belong to endophytes of angiosperms. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a position close to the Xylariales (Sordariomycetes), but family and order affiliation remained unclear.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   genetika   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• bříza mikrobiologie   MeSH
• DNA fungální MeSH
• dub (rod) mikrobiologie   MeSH
• endofyty klasifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Magnoliopsida mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA MeSH
• olše mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA MeSH
• Salix mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• spory hub ultrastruktura   MeSH
• stromy mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Ulmus mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

Endophytic fungal communities have attracted a great attention to chemists, ecologists, and microbiologists as a treasure trove of biological resource. Endophytic fungi play incredible roles in the ecosystem including abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, eco-adaptation, enhancing growth and development, and maintaining the health of their host. In recent times, endophytic fungi have drawn a special focus owing to their indispensable diversity, unique distribution, and unparalleled metabolic pathways. The endophytic fungal communities belong to three phyla, namely Mucoromycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota with seven predominant classes Agaricomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Mortierellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, Saccharomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. In a review of a huge number of research finding, it was found that endophytic fungal communities of genera Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Gaeumannomyces, Metarhizium, Microsphaeropsis, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Piriformospora, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, Verticillium, and Xylaria have been sorted out and well characterized for diverse biotechnological applications for future development. Furthermore, these communities are remarkable source of novel bioactive compounds with amazing biological activity for use in agriculture, food, and pharmaceutical industry. Endophytes are endowed with a broad range of structurally unique bioactive natural products, including alkaloids, benzopyranones, chinones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and quinines. Subsequently, there is still an excellent opportunity to explore novel compounds from endophytic fungi among numerous plants inhabiting different niches. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing could be a tool to study interaction between plants and endophytic fungi which may provide further opportunities to reveal unknown functions of endophytic fungal communities. The present review deals with the biodiversity of endophytic fungal communities and their biotechnological implications for agro-environmental sustainability.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota * metabolismus   MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• endofyty MeSH
• houby metabolismus   MeSH
• mykobiom * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Numerous studies demonstrated that endophytic microbes can promote plant growth and increase plant stress resistance. We aimed at isolating poplar endophytes able to increase their hosts' fitness both in nutrient-limited and polluted environments. To achieve this goal, endophytic bacteria and fungi were isolated from roots and leaves of hybrid poplars (Populus nigra × P. maximowiczii clone Max-4) on an unpolluted and a risk element-polluted site in the Czech Republic and subsequently screened by a number of in vitro tests. Bacterial communities at the unpolluted site were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria with Pseudomonas sp. as the prominent member of the class, followed by Bacilli with prevailing Bacillus sp., whereas Alphaproteobacteria, mostly Rhizobium sp., prevailed at the polluted site. The fungal endophytic community was dominated by Ascomycetes and highly distinct on both sites. Dothideomycetes, mostly Cladosporium, prevailed at the non-polluted site while unclassified Sordariomycetous fungi dominated at the polluted site. Species diversity of endophytes was higher at the unpolluted site. Many tested endophytic strains solubilized phosphate and produced siderophores, phytohormones, and antioxidants. Some strains also exhibited ACC-deaminase activity. Selected bacteria showed high tolerance and the ability to accumulate risk elements, making them promising candidates for use in inocula promoting biomass production and phytoremediation. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• endofyty klasifikace   účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfáty metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• houby klasifikace   účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí toxicita   MeSH
• listy rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lyasy štěpící vazby C-C metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiota účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Populus mikrobiologie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• siderofory metabolismus   MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• tolerance léku MeSH
• vývoj rostlin * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH