Oyster mushrooms are an interesting source of biologically active glucans and other polysaccharides. This work is devoted to the isolation and structural characterization of polysaccharides from basidiocarps of the cultivated oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. Five polysaccharidic fractions were obtained by subsequent extraction with cold water, hot water and two subsequent extractions with 1 m sodium hydroxide. Branched partially methoxylated mannogalactan and slightly branched (1→6)-β-d-glucan predominated in cold- and hot-water-soluble fractions, respectively. Alternatively, these polysaccharides were obtained by only hot water extraction and subsequent two-stage chromatographic separation. The alkali-soluble parts originating from the first alkali extraction were then fractionated by dissolution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The polysaccharide insoluble in DMSO was identified as linear (1→3)-α-d-glucan, while branched (1→3)(1→6)-β-d-glucans were found to be soluble in DMSO. The second alkaline extract contained the mentioned branched β-d-glucan together with some proteins. Finally, the alkali insoluble part was a cell wall complex of chitin and β-d-glucans.
- MeSH
- Chemical Fractionation MeSH
- Chromatography MeSH
- Fungal Polysaccharides chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Phytochemicals chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Glucans chemistry MeSH
- Molecular Structure MeSH
- Monosaccharides chemistry MeSH
- Pleurotus chemistry MeSH
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal chemistry MeSH
- Spectrum Analysis MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Previously, Pyrrhoderma accommodated two polypore species, P. adamantinum and P. scaurum; however, phylogenetic studies indicated that these two species were not congeneric within the Hymenochaetaceae and that P. adamantinum formed a clade with Phellinidium noxium. To resolve the relationships among the two species of Pyrrhoderma and other related taxa, specimens from China, Costa Rica, Singapore, and Thailand were studied from both morphological and phylogenetic perspectives. A new genus, Fulvoderma, is erected to accommodate F. scaurum comb. nov., and a new species, F. australe (the generic type). Pyrrhoderma is delimited to include the generic type, P. sendaiense (a later synonym of P. adamantinum); two new combinations, P. lamaënse comb. nov., and P. noxium comb. nov.; and three new species, P. hainanense, P. thailandicum, and P. yunnanense. In addition, an undescribed lineage including several specimens from subtropical and tropical forests in China, Costa Rica, Singapore, and Thailand also nested within the Pyrrhoderma clade. However, as the voucher specimens are sterile or almost so, they are not described. The concept of Pyrrhoderma was emended to also accommodate species bearing resupinate, effuse-reflexed basidiocarps, hymenial or hyphoid setae, and non-subglobose basidiospores. Keys to Fulvoderma and Pyrrhoderma are provided.
- MeSH
- Basidiomycota classification genetics growth & development isolation & purification MeSH
- DNA, Fungal chemistry genetics MeSH
- RNA, Fungal genetics MeSH
- Phylogeny * MeSH
- Genes, rRNA MeSH
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer chemistry genetics MeSH
- Microscopy MeSH
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal growth & development MeSH
- DNA, Ribosomal chemistry genetics MeSH
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S genetics MeSH
- Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
- Cluster Analysis MeSH
- Spores, Fungal cytology MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Asia MeSH
- Costa Rica MeSH
Fomitiporella accommodates polypores producing annual to perennial basidiocarps with an indistinct subiculum (very thin to almost lacking), mostly a dimitic hyphal structure, lacking any kind of setae, with brownish, thick-walled basidiospores, and causing a white rot. Previously, only a few samples of Fomitiporella were studied on the basis of morphological and nuc 28S rDNA (28S)-based phylogenetic analyses. In this study, we made a comprehensive study on Fomitiporella on the basis of collections from Central America, USA, Europe, and China. The phylogenetic analysis, including 28 nuc 28S rDNA and 29 nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]) sequences newly generated, discovered 14 new lineages. Combined with morphological evidence, 4 new lineages are described and illustrated as new species, viz., Fomitiporella americana, F. micropora, F. sinica, and F. subinermis; 10 other new lineages, each with a single collection, are still treated as unidentified taxa; three new combinations, viz., Fomitiporella tenuissima, F. chinensis, and F. resupinata, are proposed. In addition, F. inermis is redescribed. A key to the 12 known species of Fomitiporella is provided.
- MeSH
- Basidiomycota classification cytology genetics MeSH
- Biodiversity * MeSH
- DNA, Fungal genetics MeSH
- Species Specificity MeSH
- Phylogeny * MeSH
- Hyphae cytology MeSH
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer genetics MeSH
- Mycological Typing Techniques MeSH
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal cytology MeSH
- DNA, Ribosomal genetics MeSH
- Spores, Fungal cytology MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- China MeSH
- Europe MeSH
- Central America MeSH
The autofluorescence (primary fluorescence, AF) of the freshly collected fruiting bodies of the fungus Macrolepiota rhacodes was studied in a Zeiss Jenalumar fluorescence microscope at a blue and a green excitation. The strongest yellow AF at blue excitation was displayed by irregular granules on the surface of the fungal pileus. A weaker yellow-green AF was exhibited by spherical cells and hyphae in the central part of the pileus while basidiospores emitted somewhat stronger AF. At green excitation, a considerable red AF was emitted only by basidiospores, other parts of the pileus showing a very weak red AF. M. rhacodes AF is much weaker than the AF of wood-rotting fungi, such as Fomes fomentarius, Daedalea quercina, Piptoporus betulinus, Fomitopsis pinicola and others.
Despite an increasing demand for Burgundy truffles (Tuber aestivum), gaps remain in our understanding of the fungus' overall lifecycle and ecology. Here, we compile evidence from three independent surveys in Hungary and Switzerland. First, we measured the weight and maturity of 2,656 T. aestivum fruit bodies from a three-day harvest in August 2014 in a highly productive orchard in Hungary. All specimens ranging between 2 and 755 g were almost evenly distributed through five maturation classes. Then, we measured the weight and maturity of another 4,795 T. aestivum fruit bodies harvested on four occasions between June and October 2015 in the same truffière. Again, different maturation stages occurred at varying fruit body size and during the entire fruiting season. Finally, the predominantly unrelated weight and maturity of 81 T. aestivum fruit bodies from four fruiting seasons between 2010 and 2013 in Switzerland confirmed the Hungarian results. The spatiotemporal coexistence of 7,532 small-ripe and large-unripe T. aestivum, which accumulate to ~182 kg, differs from species-specific associations between the size and ripeness that have been reported for other mushrooms. Although size-independent truffle maturation stages may possibly relate to the perpetual belowground environment, the role of mycelial connectivity, soil property, microclimatology, as well as other abiotic factors and a combination thereof, is still unclear. Despite its massive sample size and proof of concept, this study, together with existing literature, suggests consideration of a wider ecological and biogeographical range, as well as the complex symbiotic fungus-host interaction, to further illuminate the hidden development of belowground truffle fruit bodies.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota growth & development MeSH
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal growth & development MeSH
- Soil MeSH
- Life Cycle Stages * MeSH
- Symbiosis MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Hungary MeSH
- Switzerland MeSH
The cultivation and fructification of 15 saprotrophic and wood-rotting fungal strains were tested on three various semi-natural medium. The formation of fruit bodies was observed for Panellus stipticus, Psilocybe cubensis, Schizophyllum commune and Stropharia rugosoannulata in the frame of 1-2 months. Mercury translocation from the substrate to the fruit bodies was then followed in oat flakes medium. Translocation was followed for treatments of 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20ppm Hg in the substrate. All four fungi formed fruit bodies in almost all replicates. The fruit body yield varied from 0.5 to 15.3g dry weight. The highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 2.99 was found for P. cubensis at 1.25ppm Hg. The BCF decreased with increasing Hg concentration in the substrate: 2.49, 0, 2.38, 1.71 and 1.82 for P. stipticus; 3.00, 2.78, 2.48, 1.81 and 2.15 for P. cubensis; 2.47, 1.81, 1.78, 1.07 and 0.96 for S. commune; and 1.96, 1.84, 1.21, 1.71 and 0.96 for S. rugosoannulata. The Hg contents in the fruit bodies reflected the Hg contents in the substrate; the highest contents in the fruit bodies were found in P. cubensis (43.08±7.36ppm Hg) and P. stipticus (36.42±3.39ppm).
- MeSH
- Agaricales chemistry classification MeSH
- Culture Media chemistry MeSH
- Avena chemistry MeSH
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal chemistry MeSH
- Psilocybe chemistry classification MeSH
- Mercury analysis MeSH
- Schizophyllum chemistry classification MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Changes in the ecology of macrofungi are poorly understood, not only because much of their life cycle is hidden belowground, but also because experiments often miss real-world complexity and most fruitbody inventories are limited in space and time. The National Poisons Information Centre 'Tox Info Suisse' provides countrywide 24hours/7days medical advice in case of poisonings since 1966. Here, we introduce a total of 12,126 mushroom-related phone calls that were received by Tox Info Suisse between 1966 and 2014. This indirect source of mycological information is dominated by the families of Boletaceae (11%), Agaricaceae (10%) and Amanitaceae (8%), which account for ~30% of all cases. Mushroom fruiting patterns revealed by the Poisons Centre inventory statistically resemble changes in fungal phenology, productivity and diversity as reflected by the Swiss National Data Centre 'SwissFungi'. Although the newly developed Tox Info Suisse dataset provides an innovative basis for timely environmental research, caution is advised when interpreting some of the observed long-term changes and autumnal extremes. Uncertainty of the new record relates to possible data incompleteness, imprecise species description and/or identification, as well as the inclusion of cultivated and non-indigenous mushrooms. Nevertheless, we hope that the Tox Info Suisse inventory will stimulate and enable a variety of ecological-oriented follow-up studies.
- MeSH
- Agaricales * classification MeSH
- Species Specificity MeSH
- Information Centers MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Mycotoxicosis etiology MeSH
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal * classification MeSH
- Climate MeSH
- Seasons MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Switzerland epidemiology MeSH
Strmělky (Clitocybe) představují rod lupenitých hub s neúplnou rouškou. Houby rodu Clitocybe jsou rozšířené po celém světě ve více než stovce druhů. Několik druhů je považováno za jedlé, většina je však jedovatá. Toxiny strmělek jsou dosud nedostatečně prozkoumány. Až dosud byly prozkoumány tři typy toxinů: alkaloidy, aminokyseliny a krátké peptidy, a pyridinové nukleosidy. Častým alkaloidem strmělek je muskarin, sloučenina s cholinotoxickou aktivitou. Početnou skupinu biologicky účinných látek strmělek tvoří toxické aminokyseliny. Některé z nich fungují jako lathrotoxiny, jiné jako neurotoxiny. Také pyridinové nukleosidy reprezentované clitidinem jsou neurotoxické. Zdá se, že jedovatost strmělek je způsobena komplexním účinkem velkého množství jedovatých substancí. V některých strmělkách byly tyto toxiny nalezeny v klinicky významných koncentracích jako např. v japonské Clitocybe acromelalga, která je příčinou četných otrav. Požití této houby způsobuje akromelalgii, což je forma erythromelalgie charakterizovaná zarudnutím, bolestivostí a otokem prstů na nohou, bolestmi hlavy a zvracením. Erythromelalgie je spojena s rhabdomyolýzou, s respiračními a oběhovými problémy (myokarditida) a často končí smrtí.
Clitocybe is a genus of gilled mushrooms that lack partial veils. More than one hundred species of the genus Clitocybe are widely spread all over the world. A few members of the genus are considered edible, many others are poisonous. Toxins of Clitocybe mushrooms are explored inadequately. Three types of toxins were characterized so far: alkaloids, amino acids and short peptides, and pyridine nucleosides. Muscarine, an akaloid compound with cholinotoxic activity, is frequently found in Clitocybe mushrooms. Toxic amino acids represent large group of biologically active compounds of Clitocybe. Some of them act as lathrotoxins, others as neurotoxins. Pyridine nucleosides represented by clitidine are also neurotoxic. It appears that poisonous properties of Clitocybe mushrooms are caused by complex effect of numerous poisonous substances. These toxins were found in some mushrooms in clinically significant concentrations, e.g. Japanese Clitocybe acromelalga, the cause of many poisonings. Ingestion of this mushroom causes acromelalgia, a form of erythromelalgia characterized by redness, pain, and swelling of the fingers and toes, headache, and vomiting. Erythromelalgia is connected with rhabdomyolysis and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases; it is often fatal.
Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated on a commercially available wheat straw substrate enriched with Zn and Se. Various amounts of Zn (10, 50, and 100 mg) and Se (1, 5, and 10 mg) in suitable forms ((CH3COO)2Zn·2H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, and Na2SeO3·5H2O, respectively) were dissolved in 50 ml of deionized water and homogenously nebulized into the substrate block of 2.4 kg weight. The increase in the Zn content in fruiting bodies cultivated on the enriched substrate was relatively low compared with fruiting bodies cultivated on the substrate with no addition at the first flush. The application of different Zn compounds (acetate vs. nitrate) gave similar results. However, the addition of 1 mg of Se into the cultivation substrate block increased the content of Se in fruiting bodies to about 3-6 mg/kg dry matter. This content was one order of magnitude higher compared with the Se content in fruiting bodies harvested from the substrate with no Se addition (< 0.12-0.58 mg/kg dry matter). In the case of the addition of 5 mg of Se, there was a further significant increase in the content of this element to about 40-60 mg/kg dry matter.
- MeSH
- Pleurotus * chemistry MeSH
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal chemistry MeSH
- Triticum MeSH
- Selenium * analysis MeSH
- Zinc analysis MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
