• MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• vývojová biologie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• environmentální vědy
• biologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• elektronické časopisy

• MeSH
• ekologie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• environmentální vědy

• MeSH
• behaviorální vědy MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• etologie MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• vývojová biologie MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH

• Konspekt
• Biologické vědy
• NLK Obory
• biologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• biologie MeSH
• ekologie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Biologické vědy
• NLK Obory
• biologie
• environmentální vědy

Biodiversity patterns are largely determined by variation of diversification rates across clades and geographic regions. Although there are multiple reasons for this variation, it has been hypothesized that metabolic rate is the crucial driver of diversification of evolutionary lineages. According to the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE), metabolic rate - and consequently speciation - is driven mainly by body size and environmental temperature. As environmental temperature affects metabolic rate in ecto- and endotherms differently, its impact on diversification rate should also differ between the two types of organisms. Employing two independent approaches, we analysed correlates of speciation rates and, ultimately, net diversification rates for two contrasting taxa: plethodontid salamanders and carnivoran mammals. Whereas in the ectothermic plethodontids speciation rates positively correlated with environmental temperature, in the endothermic carnivorans a reverse, negative correlation was detected. These findings comply with predictions of the MTE and suggest that similar geographic patterns of biodiversity across taxa (e.g. ecto- and endotherms) might have been generated by different ecological and evolutionary processes.

• MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• modely genetické * MeSH
• teplota * MeSH
• Urodela genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• velikost těla MeSH
• vznik druhů (genetika) * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Evoluční vývojová biologie, neformálně evo-devo, je biologická disciplina porovnávající vývojové procesy u různých forem života. Zabývá se původem a evolucí embryonálního vývoje, vývojovou plasticitou, ekologickým ovlivněním vývoje a evolučních změn, jakož i podkladem homologie a homoplazie. Evo-devo doplňuje a mění neodarwinovskou syntézu novým pohledem na genetiku evoluční adaptace. Základní výzkum evo-devo přináší klíčové poznatky pro pochopení a budoucí léčení komplexních onemocnění, například Alzheimerovy nemoci a maligních nádorů.

Evolutionary developmental biology, informally evo-devo, is a biological discipline that compares developmental processes of different life forms. It deals with origin and evolution of the embryonic development, developmental plasticity in evolution, how ecology impacts the development and evolutionary change and basis of homoplasy and homology. Evo-devo completes and changes neodarwinian synthesis due to a new view on genetics of evolutionary adaptation. Basic research of evo-devo produces fundamental pieces of knowledge and future therapy of complex diseases eg. Alzheimer’s disease and malignant tumours.

• Klíčová slova
• evoluční adaptace, modularita,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• vývojová biologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodní články MeSH

• MeSH
• chování zvířat MeSH
• etologie MeSH
• vývojová biologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• periodika MeSH

• Konspekt
• Obecná zoologie
• NLK Obory
• přírodní vědy
• environmentální vědy

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• dlouhověkost MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• naděje dožití MeSH
• populace MeSH
• statistika přirozeného pohybu MeSH
• Publikační typ
• sborníky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Demografie. Populace
• NLK Obory
• demografie
• sociologie

BACKGROUND: This study aims to reconstruct the evolutionary history of African shrews referred to the Crocidura olivieri complex. We tested the respective role of forest retraction/expansion during the Pleistocene, rivers (allopatric models), ecological gradients (parapatric model) and anthropogenic factors in explaining the distribution and diversification within this species complex. We sequenced three mitochondrial and four nuclear markers from 565 specimens encompassing the known distribution of the complex, i.e. from Morocco to Egypt and south to Mozambique. We used Bayesian phylogenetic inference, genetic structure analyses and divergence time estimates to assess the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of these animals. RESULTS: The C. olivieri complex (currently composed of C. olivieri, C. fulvastra, C. viaria and C. goliath) can be segregated into eight principal geographical clades, most exhibiting parapatric distributions. A decrease in genetic diversity was observed between central and western African clades and a marked signal of population expansion was detected for a broadly distributed clade occurring across central and eastern Africa and portions of Egypt (clade IV). The main cladogenesis events occurred within the complex between 1.37 and 0.48 Ma. Crocidura olivieri sensu stricto appears polyphyletic and C. viaria and C. fulvastra were not found to be monophyletic. CONCLUSIONS: Climatic oscillations over the Pleistocene probably played a major role in shaping the genetic diversity within this species complex. Different factors can explain their diversification, including Pleistocene forest refuges, riverine barriers and differentiation along environmental gradients. The earliest postulated members of the complex originated in central/eastern Africa and the first radiations took place in rain forests of the Congo Basin. A dramatic shift in the ecological requirements in early members of the complex, in association with changing environments, took place sometime after 1.13 Ma. Some lineages then colonized a substantial portion of the African continent, including a variety of savannah and forest habitats. The low genetic divergence of certain populations, some in isolated localities, can be explained by their synanthropic habits. This study underlines the need to revise the taxonomy of the C. olivieri complex.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fylogeografie * MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genetický drift MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• rejskovití klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• vznik druhů (genetika) MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Afrika MeSH

The study of insular systems has a long history in ecology and biogeography. Island plants often differ remarkably from their noninsular counterparts, constituting excellent models for exploring eco-evolutionary processes. Trait-based approaches can help to answer important questions in island biogeography, yet plant trait patterns on islands remain understudied. We discuss three key hypotheses linking functional ecology to island biogeography: (i) plants in insular systems are characterized by distinct functional trait syndromes (compared with noninsular environments); (ii) these syndromes differ between true islands and terrestrial habitat islands; and (iii) island characteristics influence trait syndromes in a predictable manner. We are convinced that implementing trait-based comparative approaches would considerably further our understanding of plant ecology and evolution in insular systems.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• ekologie * MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• ostrovy MeSH
• rostliny MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• ostrovy MeSH