OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin is predominantly produced by the stomach and the growth hormone (GH)-ghrelin feedback loop between the stomach and the pituitary gland has recently been suggested. The disruption of the gut-brain axis might be involved in bulimia nervosa (BN). METHODS: We investigated responses of plasma GH, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) concentrations to exercise or to exercise after the administration of the antilipolytic drug Acipimox (Aci) in seven BN patients and seven healthy women (C). Aci was administered 1h before exercise (45 min, 2 W/kg of lean body mass/LBM/). Ghrelin, GH, NPY, free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol plasma levels were measured during the test using commercial kits. RESULTS: The exercise induced an increase in plasma GH, NPY and FFA in both groups and a decrease in plasma ghrelin levels only in BN patients. Exercise after Aci administration resulted in an increase in plasma GH, and a decrease in plasma ghrelin in both groups; NPY increased more in BN patients. Exercise-induced FFA increase was depressed after Aci. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the Aci-induced suppression in plasma ghrelin levels during exercise in both groups suggests a negative feedback of GH on ghrelin secretion. Observed changes in plasma FFA levels were not related to changes in GH and ghrelin levels.

• MeSH
• Bulimia Nervosa blood   physiopathology   MeSH
• Exercise physiology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Human Experimentation MeSH
• Ghrelin biosynthesis   secretion   MeSH
• Glycerol blood   MeSH
• Pituitary Gland drug effects   secretion   MeSH
• Hypolipidemic Agents administration & dosage   MeSH
• Body Mass Index MeSH
• Fatty Acids, Nonesterified blood   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Human Growth Hormone biosynthesis   secretion   MeSH
• Neuropeptide Y blood   MeSH
• Pyrazines administration & dosage   MeSH
• Case-Control Studies MeSH
• Stomach drug effects   metabolism   MeSH
• Feedback, Physiological MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND: The adipose tissue (AT) is a secretory organ producing a wide variety of factors that participate in the genesis of metabolic disorders linked to excess fat mass. Weight loss improves obesity-related disorders. OBJECTIVES: Transcriptomic studies on human AT, and a combination of analyses of transcriptome and proteome profiling of conditioned media from adipocytes and stromal cells isolated from human AT, have led to the identification of apolipoprotein M (apoM) as a putative adipokine. We aimed to validate apoM as novel adipokine, investigate the relation of AT APOM expression with metabolic syndrome and insulin sensitivity, and study the regulation of its expression in AT and secretion during calorie restriction-induced weight loss. METHODS: We examined APOM mRNA level and secretion in AT from 485 individuals enrolled in 5 independent clinical trials, and in vitro in human multipotent adipose-derived stem cell adipocytes. APOM expression and secretion were measured during dieting. RESULTS: APOM was expressed in human subcutaneous and visceral AT, mainly by adipocytes. ApoM was released into circulation from AT, and plasma apoM concentrations correlate with AT APOM mRNA levels. In AT, APOM expression inversely correlated with adipocyte size, was lower in obese compared to lean individuals, and reduced in subjects with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Regardless of fat depot, there was a positive relation between AT APOM expression and systemic insulin sensitivity, independently of fat mass and plasma HDL cholesterol. In human multipotent adipose-derived stem cell adipocytes, APOM expression was enhanced by insulin-sensitizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and inhibited by tumor necrosis factor α, a cytokine that causes insulin resistance. In obese individuals, calorie restriction increased AT APOM expression and secretion. CONCLUSIONS: ApoM is a novel adipokine, the expression of which is a hallmark of healthy AT and is upregulated by calorie restriction. AT apoM deserves further investigation as a potential biomarker of risk for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

• MeSH
• Adipokines genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Apolipoproteins M genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Caloric Restriction MeSH
• Clinical Trials as Topic MeSH
• Cohort Studies MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Longitudinal Studies MeSH
• Obesity diet therapy   genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Adipocytes metabolism   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Předkládaná přehledová studie se věnuje dobrovolnictví osob s mentálním postižením. Jejím cílem je prezentovat souhrn zjištění v odhalených tématech – v oblasti motivace k dobrovolnictví u této cílové skupiny a v oblasti přínosů i bariér, s nimiž se tito dobrovolníci setkávají. Na základě analýzy existujících odborných studií v této oblasti za posledních 21 let (N = 17) můžeme konstatovat, že motivace dobrovolníků s mentálním postižením není příliš odlišná od ostatních skupin dobrovolníků, zahrnuje potřebu užitečnosti a příklon k hodnotám jako empatie, pomoc a podpora druhým. Navíc se objevuje motivace vycházející z rovnocenného postavení všech členů společnosti. Přínosy jsou v individuální i společenské rovině (socializace, korekce chování, zlepšení soft -skills atp.), stejně jako na úrovni organizace, kde je činnost vykonávána (ochota a schopnost dlouhodobě vykonávat rutinní činnost, propagační funkce atp.). Bariéry vycházejí jednak z charakteru a limitů mentálního postižení jako takového, jednak z předsudků společnosti a strachu s nimi spojeného. Problémem je, že každý dobrovolník z popisované skupiny se s těmito bariérami setkal.

This literature review study focuses on volunteering by people with intellectual disabilities and aims to present a summary of the findings on the themes revealed, namely, the motivations for volunteering among this target group, the benefi ts, and the barriers encountered by these volunteers. On the basis of an analysis of existing studies in this fi eld over the last 21 years (N=17), we can conclude that the motivation of volunteers with intellectual disabilities is not very diff erent from that of other groups of volunteers, and includes the need for usefulness and a leaning towards values such as empathy, helping, and supporting others. In addition, motivations based on the equal status of all members of society are emerging. Th e benefits are at the individual and societal level (socialisation, behavioural correction, improvement of soft skills, etc.), as well as at the level of the organisation where the activity is carried out (willingness and ability to carry out routine activities in the long term, promotional functions, etc.). Th e barriers stem from the nature and limitations of intellectual disability as such, as well as from societyʼs prejudices and the fear associated with them. Th e problem is that every volunteer in the group that is described has encountered these barriers.

• MeSH
• Volunteers MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Persons with Intellectual Disabilities * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

• Keywords
• lékařství vnitřní - nemoci - klasifikace - učebnice, lékařství preventivní - diagnostika - učebnice, systémy terapeutické - lékařství vnitřní - učebnice,

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• vnitřní lékařství
• chemie, klinická chemie