Oral microorganisms are closely related to oral health, the occurrence of some oral diseases is associated with changes in the oral microbiota, and many studies have demonstrated that traditional smoking can affect the oral microbial community. However, due to the short time since the emergence of e-cigarettes, fewer studies are comparing oral microorganisms for users of e-cigarettes versus cigarettes. We collected saliva from 40 non-smokers (NS), 46 traditional cigarette smokers (TS), and 27 e-cigarette consumers (EC), aged between 18 and 35 years. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the saliva samples collected to study the effects of e-cigarettes versus traditional cigarettes on the oral microbiome. The results showed that compared with the NS group, the alpha diversity of oral flora in saliva was altered in the TS group, with no significant change in the e-cigarette group. Compared with the NS and EC groups, the relative abundance of Actinomyces and Prevotella was increased in the TS group. However, compared with the NS and TS groups, the relative abundance of Veillonella was increased, and the relative abundance of Porphyromonas and Peptostreptococcus was decreased in the EC group. These results showed that both e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes could alter the structure and composition of oral microbiota. The use of traditional cigarettes promotes the growth of some anaerobic bacteria, which may contribute to dental decay and bad breath over time. E-cigarettes have a different effect on the structure and composition of the oral microbial community compared to conventional cigarettes. In order to better understand the effects of e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes on users' mouths, future studies will investigate the relationship between diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis and changes in oral microbial species levels.
- MeSH
- Bacteria * klasifikace izolace a purifikace genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kuřáci * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S * genetika MeSH
- sliny * mikrobiologie MeSH
- systémy dodávající nikotin elektronicky MeSH
- tabákové výrobky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- ústa * mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The semi-synthetic cannabinoid hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) has become a highly discussed topic in forensic toxicology since 2022 due to its legal availability at this time and its psychoactive effects. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics, effects, and immunological detectability of HHC after oral (25 mg HHC fruit gum) and inhalative (three puffs from HHC vape) consumption with three participants per group. Serum (up to 48 h), urine (up to five days), and saliva (up to 48 h) samples were collected at different relevant time points and analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS for (9R)/(9S)-HHC, 11-hydroxy-HHC, and (9R)/(9S)-HHC carboxylic acid with a fully validated method. Additionally, immunological detectability was investigated with three different commercially available tests. To address the psychoactive effects, the subjective "high" feeling (scale 0-10) was monitored and different psychophysical tests (e.g. modified Romberg test, walk and turn) were conducted. Overall, the pharmacokinetics and effects of HHC were comparable to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). However, the route of administration as well as inter-individual factors played a crucial role regarding maximum concentrations, pharmacokinetic profiles, and psychoactive effects.
- MeSH
- agonisté kanabinoidních receptorů farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- aplikace inhalační * MeSH
- aplikace orální * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emoce účinky léků MeSH
- farmakokinetika * MeSH
- imunologické testy MeSH
- kanabinoidy * analýza krev farmakokinetika farmakologie moč MeSH
- kapalinová chromatografie-hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychofyziologie * MeSH
- psychotropní léky * analýza krev farmakokinetika farmakologie moč MeSH
- sliny chemie MeSH
- tetrahydrokanabinol farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Zubní kaz (ZK) je jedno z nejčastějších chronických infekčních onemocnění dětského věku. Kromě nadměrného příjmu sacharidů a přítomnosti zubního mikrobiálního plaku se za další významné rizikové faktory vzniku ZK pokládá složení tvrdých zubních tkání a sliny. Slina odráží fyziologický a patologický stav dutiny ústní a hraje významnou roli při vzniku a prevenci zubního kazu. Možnými biomarkery zubního kazu je řada měřitelných vlastností sliny - množství sliny, pH sliny, pufrovací kapacita, přítomnost a množství kariogenních mikroorganismů. Hlavními složkami sliny jsou voda a různé anorganické a organické substance. Za významné organické látky se považují antimikrobiální peptidy, slinné glykoproteiny a proteiny s enzymatickou aktivitou. Tyto látky mohou sloužit jako zdroj biomarkerů pro stanovení rizika vzniku zubního kazu. Slinné biomarkery mohou být využity nejen pro predikci, diagnostiku, prognózu a ošetřování zubního kazu, ale i pro hodnocení výsledků léčení. Cílem dalších výzkumů bude charakterizovat vztahy mezi jednotlivými proteiny, jejich interakce a určit, jakým způsobem ovlivňují vznik a progresi zubního kazu.
Dental caries is one of the most common chronic infectious diseases of childhood. In addition to excessive sugar intake and presence of dental microbial plaque, other risk factors related to dental caries are the composition of hard dental tissues and saliva. Saliva can reflect the physiological and pathological state of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in the initiation of dental caries and protection against dental caries. Many measurable characteristics of saliva are potential biomarkers for dental caries - salivary flow rate, salivary pH, buffering capacity, evaluation of the presence and amount of cariogenic bacteria. The major salivary components are water and various, inorganic and organic substances. The most important organic components of saliva comprise antibacterial peptides, salivary glycoproteins, salivary proteins and proteins with enzymatic activity. These substances can serve as a source of biomarkers for caries risk assessment. Salivary biomarkers may be exploited for the prediction, diagnosis, prognosis and management of dental caries, as well as for evaluating the outcome of therapeutic regimens. Future research is essential to characterize the interaction of salivary proteins, and determine how these affect the initiation and development of dental caries.
- Klíčová slova
- autopatie,
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- homeopatie MeSH
- komplementární terapie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- samoléčba * MeSH
- sliny * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
BACKGROUND: Bovine colostrum (COL) is assumed to be one of the strongest natural immune stimulants. Regular ingestion of COL may contribute to improved immune response in athletes exposed to high training loads. METHODS: Twenty-eight endurance-trained males aged 31.1 ± 10.2 years (body mass 81.9 ± 9.0 kg; height 1.82 ± 0.06 m) completed this randomized double-blind placebo(PLA)-controlled crossover study aimed at investigating the effect of 12-week COL supplementation (25gCOL·day-1) on resting (REST), exercise-induced (POST-EX), and short-term post-exercise recovery (REC; 1 h after test exercise) changes in selected saliva and blood immunoglobulins (Ig), white blood cell (WBC) count and differential; as well as blood hematological, nutritional status and muscle damage indices. The protocol assumed 4 study visits - before/after supplementation with COL (COLPRE and COLPOST ) and PLA (PLAPRE and PLAPOST ). During testing sessions, incremental rowing test to exhaustion and swimming-specific performance test were introduced as exercise stimuli. RESULTS: At COLPOST visit the secretory IgA (SIgA) concentration in saliva was significantly higher at POST-EX and REC compared to REST (p<0.05). COL supplementation had no effect on blood IgA, IgE, IgD, IgG, and IgM concentrations. Furthermore, after COL supplementation decrease of hematocrit at REC (p<0.05) was revealed. CONCLUSIONS: 12-week supplementation with 25 gCOL·day-1 in endurance-trained male athletes resulted in a favorable increase in post-exercise concentration of salivary SIgA. COL seems to be a potential stimulator of local immune defense after exercise-induced homeostasis disturbances. Nevertheless, the lack of effect on blood markers indicates the need for further research in the area of mechanisms underlying the effect of the supposed COL immunological capacity.
- MeSH
- biologické markery * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
- fyzická vytrvalost imunologie MeSH
- imunoglobuliny krev MeSH
- klinické křížové studie * MeSH
- kolostrum * imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- potravní doplňky * MeSH
- sliny * imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- sportovci * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Tau protein je jedním z neurocytoskeletálních proteinů podílejících se na patogenezi závažných neurologických onemocnění, zejména Alzheimerovy nemoci. Vyznačuje se značnou strukturní variabilitou, která se odráží v existenci jeho četných proteoforem. Tento přehled si klade za cíl poskytnout stručné informace o struktuře tau proteinu a jeho proteoformách, které se zdají být perspektivní jako biomarkery pro klinické použití. Jsou diskutovány biologické tekutiny vhodné pro laboratorní vyšetření v klinické praxi, tj. mozkomíšní mok a krev (plazma/sérum). Celkový tau protein a jeho fosforylované formy (hlavně protein pT181-tau, fosforylovaný na threoninovém zbytku 181) již našly klinické uplatnění v diagnostice Alzheimerovy nemoci.
The tau protein is one of the neurocytoskeletal proteins that participate in the pathogenesis of serious neurological diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease. The tau protein is characterized by considerable structural variability, which is reflected in the existence of its numerous proteoforms. This review aims to provide brief information on the structure of tau protein and its proteoforms, which seem promising biomarkers for clinical use. Biological fluids, suitable for laboratory examination in clinical practice, i.e., cerebrospinal fluid and blood (plasma/serum), are discussed. Total tau protein and its phosphorylated forms (mainly the pT181-tau protein, phosphorylated at the threonine residue 181) have already found clinical application in diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
As the great majority of gene expression (GE) biodosimetry studies have been performed using blood as the preferred source of tissue, searching for simple and less-invasive sampling methods is important when considering biodosimetry approaches. Knowing that whole saliva contains an ultrafiltrate of blood and white blood cells, it is expected that the findings in blood can also be found in saliva. This human in vivo study aims to examine radiation-induced GE changes in saliva for biodosimetry purposes and to predict radiation-induced disease, which is yet poorly characterized. Furthermore, we examined whether transcriptional biomarkers in blood can also be found equivalently in saliva. Saliva and blood samples were collected in parallel from radiotherapy (RT) treated patients who suffered from head and neck cancer (n = 8) undergoing fractioned partial-body irradiations (1.8 Gy/fraction and 50-70 Gy total dose). Samples were taken 12-24 h before first irradiation and ideally 24 and 48 h, as well as 5 weeks after radiotherapy onset. Due to the low quality and quantity of isolated RNA samples from one patient, they had to be excluded from further analysis, leaving a total of 24 saliva and 24 blood samples from 7 patients eligible for analysis. Using qRT-PCR, 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA (the ratio being a surrogate for the relative human RNA/bacterial burden), four housekeeping genes and nine mRNAs previously identified as radiation responsive in blood-based studies were detected. Significant GE associations with absorbed dose were found for five genes and after the 2nd radiotherapy fraction, shown by, e.g., the increase of CDKN1A (2.0 fold, P = 0.017) and FDXR (1.9 fold increased, P = 0.002). After the 25th radiotherapy fraction, however, all four genes (FDXR, DDB2, POU2AF1, WNT3) predicting ARS (acute radiation syndrome) severity, as well as further genes (including CCNG1 [median-fold change (FC) = 0.3, P = 0.013], and GADD45A (median-FC = 0.3, P = 0.031)) appeared significantly downregulated (FC = 0.3, P = 0.01-0.03). A significant association of CCNG1, POU2AF1, HPRT1, and WNT3 (P = 0.006-0.04) with acute or late radiotoxicity could be shown before the onset of these clinical outcomes. In an established set of four genes predicting acute health effects in blood, the response in saliva samples was similar to the expected up- (FDXR, DDB2) or downregulation (POU2AF1, WNT3) in blood for up to 71% of the measurements. Comparing GE responses (PHPT1, CCNG1, CDKN1A, GADD45A, SESN1) in saliva and blood samples, there was a significant linear association between saliva and blood response of CDKN1A (R2 = 0.60, P = 0.0004). However, the GE pattern of other genes differed between saliva and blood. In summary, the current human in vivo study, (I) reveals significant radiation-induced GE associations of five transcriptional biomarkers in salivary samples, (II) suggests genes predicting diverse clinical outcomes such as acute and late radiotoxicity as well as ARS severity, and (III) supports the view that blood-based GE response can be reflected in saliva samples, indicating that saliva is a "mirror of the body" for certain but not all genes and, thus, studies for each gene of interest in blood are required for saliva.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory hlavy a krku radioterapie MeSH
- radiometrie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sliny * účinky záření metabolismus MeSH
- vztah dávky záření a odpovědi MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) have become standard methods in human clinical diagnostics as well as in population genomics (POPGEN). Blood-derived genomic DNA (gDNA) is routinely used in the clinical environment. Conversely, many POPGEN studies and commercial tests benefit from easy saliva sampling. Here, we evaluated the quality of variant call sets and the level of genotype concordance of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small insertions and deletions (indels) for WES and WGS using paired blood- and saliva-derived gDNA isolates employing genomic reference-based validated protocols. METHODS: The genomic reference standard Coriell NA12878 was repeatedly analyzed using optimized WES and WGS protocols, and data calls were compared with the truth dataset published by the Genome in a Bottle Consortium. gDNA was extracted from the paired blood and saliva samples of 10 participants and processed using the same protocols. A comparison of paired blood-saliva call sets was performed in the context of WGS and WES genomic reference-based technical validation results. RESULTS: The quality pattern of called variants obtained from genomic-reference-based technical replicates correlates with data calls of paired blood-saliva-derived samples in all levels of tested examinations despite a higher rate of non-human contamination found in the saliva samples. The F1 score of 10 blood-to-saliva-derived comparisons ranged between 0.8030-0.9998 for SNVs and between 0.8883-0.9991 for small-indels in the case of the WGS protocol, and between 0.8643-0.999 for SNVs and between 0.7781-1.000 for small-indels in the case of the WES protocol. CONCLUSION: Saliva may be considered an equivalent material to blood for genetic analysis for both WGS and WES under strict protocol conditions. The accuracy of sequencing metrics and variant-detection accuracy is not affected by choosing saliva as the gDNA source instead of blood but much more significantly by the genomic context, variant types, and the sequencing technology used.
- MeSH
- DNA genetika MeSH
- exom MeSH
- genom lidský MeSH
- genomika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metagenomika * MeSH
- sekvenování celého genomu MeSH
- sekvenování exomu MeSH
- sliny * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
One of the least invasive sampling methods suitable for self-sampling is saliva spitting. The aim of this study is to evaluate the suitability of saliva self-sampling for unsupervised testing. Two self-sampling strategies were compared on the basis of visual evaluation of samples, measurement of cortisol levels in samples and questionnaire survey. The saliva samples obtained by supervised self-sampling were found to be fully suitable for further analysis. In contrast, not all saliva samples obtained from unsupervised self-collection can be used: 13% non-compliance with the minimum required sample volume, 8% with some food/drink residues and 26% taken at the wrong day time. About 42% of the unsupervised probands made at least one significant error in the saliva self-collection procedure. These results indicate that the accuracy of the results based on the analysis of samples received from saliva self-sampling is limited. For clinical investigation, the presence of an inner standard (referring to the reliability of the sampling procedure) is required.
