• MeSH
• aminoglykosidy aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• cystitida epidemiologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• fluorochinolony aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• fosfomycin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• infekce močového ústrojí * epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce získané v komunitě * epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekční komplikace v těhotenství farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské urogenitální nemoci farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nitrofurantoin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• postmenopauza MeSH
• pyelonefritida farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus (SA) represents one of the most important microorganism that is part of the normal microflora of humans, but in certain conditions can cause very serious infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for a wide spectrum of nosocomial and community associated infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA), as well as the frequency of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types in isolates obtained from outpatients in the region of 700,000 people (Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) Methods: Our investigation included phenotypic and genotypic markers such as antimicrobial resistance, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), SCC typing, and PVL detection. RESULTS: Antimicrobial susceptibility: all MRSA isolates were resistant to the β-lactam antibiotics tested, and all isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole, rifampicin, fusidic acid, linezolid, and vancomycin. After the PFGE analysis, the isolates were grouped into five similarity groups: A-E. The largest number of isolates belonged to one of two groups: C - 60% and D - 27%. In both groups C and D, SCCmec type IV was predominant (60% and 88.8%, respectively). A total of 24% of the isolates had positive expression of PVL genes, while 76% showed a statistically significantly greater negative expression of PVL genes. CONCLUSIONS: Using combination techniques, we were able to investigate the origin and genetic background of the strains. PFGE analysis revealed two large, genetically related groups of strains consisting of 87 isolates. Our results suggest failure to apply the screening policy, and a lack of knowledge about multiresistant MRSA strains. This study showed the local epidemiological situation which should be the basis of antimicrobial empiric therapy for non-hospitalized patients.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny genetika   MeSH
• chromozomy MeSH
• exotoxiny genetika   MeSH
• infekce získané v komunitě epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• leukocidiny genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• methicilin MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• proteiny vázající penicilin MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bosna a Hercegovina MeSH

Objectives: To determine the antibiotic susceptibility of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae collected in 2014-16 from patients with community-acquired respiratory infections in the Czech Republic. Methods: MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. Results: S. pneumoniae isolates (n = 200) showed high rates of susceptibility (>95%) to amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, penicillin [intravenous (iv) non-meningitis], ceftriaxone, cefuroxime and the fluoroquinolones using CLSI breakpoints. Susceptibility to cefaclor and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was 94%-94.5%, to penicillin (oral) 91.5% and to the macrolides 89.5%. Susceptibility of H. influenzae (n = 197) to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, azithromycin and the fluoroquinolones was ≥98% by CLSI criteria. Rates of susceptibility to the remaining agents were ≥75% except for clarithromycin at 37.1%. Great variability was seen across breakpoints, especially for the macrolides, cefaclor and cefuroxime (oral), 98.0% of H. influenzae showing susceptibility to the latter by CLSI criteria, 69.5% by PK/PD and 1.5% by EUCAST standards. The β-lactamase rate was 13.7% with no β-lactamase-negative-ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) isolates by CLSI criteria. Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance among the two major respiratory pathogens remained low in the Czech Republic. These findings support local clinicians in continuing the historically restrictive use of antibiotics in the Czech Republic, with selection of narrower-spectrum agents for the empirical therapy of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. This highlights one of the great benefits of continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance: knowledge of current local resistance patterns reduces the need to choose broad-spectrum agents that contribute to increasing resistance worldwide.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakokinetika   farmakologie   MeSH
• cefuroxim farmakokinetika   farmakologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování * MeSH
• fluorochinolony farmakokinetika   farmakologie   MeSH
• Haemophilus influenzae účinky léků   MeSH
• hemofilové infekce epidemiologie   MeSH
• infekce dýchací soustavy epidemiologie   MeSH
• infekce získané v komunitě epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrolidy farmakokinetika   farmakologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• pneumokokové infekce epidemiologie   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Streptococcus pneumoniae účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Brno,
• MeSH
• epidemie MeSH
• hepatitida A * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• infekce získané v komunitě epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• uživatelé drog MeSH
• vakcína proti hepatitidě A MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antiflogistika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• čas zasáhnout při rozvinutí nemoci MeSH
• dexamethason terapeutické užití   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• infekce získané v komunitě diagnóza   epidemiologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningitida bakteriální * diagnóza   epidemiologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• vyšetření u lůžka MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Risk assessment of central nervous system (CNS) infection patients is of key importance in predicting likely pathogens. However, data are lacking on the epidemiology globally. We performed a multicenter study to understand the burden of community-acquired CNS (CA-CNS) infections between 2012 and 2014. A total of 2583 patients with CA-CNS infections were included from 37 referral centers in 20 countries. Of these, 477 (18.5%) patients survived with sequelae and 227 (8.8%) died, and 1879 (72.7%) patients were discharged with complete cure. The most frequent infecting pathogens in this study were Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 206, 8%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 152, 5.9%). Varicella zoster virus and Listeria were other common pathogens in the elderly. Although staphylococci and Listeria resulted in frequent infections in immunocompromised patients, cryptococci were leading pathogens in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals. Among the patients with any proven etiology, 96 (8.9%) patients presented with clinical features of a chronic CNS disease. Neurosyphilis, neurobrucellosis, neuroborreliosis, and CNS tuberculosis had a predilection to present chronic courses. Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, M. tuberculosis, and S. pneumoniae were the most fatal forms, while sequelae were significantly higher for herpes simplex virus type 1 (p < 0.05 for all). Tackling the high burden of CNS infections globally can only be achieved with effective pneumococcal immunization and strategies to eliminate tuberculosis, and more must be done to improve diagnostic capacity.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení výsledků zdravotní péče MeSH
• infekce centrálního nervového systému epidemiologie   etiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• infekce získané v komunitě epidemiologie   etiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• surveillance populace * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) belonging to the multilocus sequence type clonal complex 59 (MLST CC59) is the predominant community-associated MRSA clone in Asia. This clone, which is primarily linked with the spa type t437, has so far only been reported in low numbers among large epidemiological studies in Europe. Nevertheless, the overall numbers identified in some Northern European reference laboratories have increased during the past decade. To determine whether the S. aureus t437 clone is present in other European countries, and to assess its genetic diversity across Europe, we analysed 147 S. aureus t437 isolates from 11 European countries collected over a period of 11 years using multiple locus variable number tandem repeat fingerprinting/analysis (MLVF/MLVA) and MLST. Additionally 16 S. aureus t437 isolates from healthy carriers and patients from China were included. Most isolates were shown to be monophyletic with 98% of the isolates belonging to the single MLVA complex 621, to which nearly all included isolates from China also belonged. More importantly, all MLST-typed isolates belonged to CC59. Our study implies that the European S. aureus t437 population represents a genetically tight cluster, irrespective of the year, country and site of isolation. This underpins the view that S. aureus CC59 has been introduced into several European countries, not being restricted to particular geographical regions or specific host environments. The European S. aureus t437 isolates thus bear the general hallmarks of a high-risk clone.

• MeSH
• infekce získané v komunitě epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• minisatelitní repetice * MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace * MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Evropa MeSH

The surveillance study of rotavirus gastroenteritis at the University Teaching Hospital Trenčín area, Slovakia, during 2006-2011 confirmed that the genotype profile of circulating rotaviruses was not stable. While G1P[8] dominating genotype dropped from 75 to 7.3 % in the period 2009-2011, genotype G2P[4] that was not detected in 2009 raised to 45.1 % in 2011. Vaccination coverage rose from 4.4 to 22.1 % in the period 2008-2011. Among the community and hospital cases, we observed that the average age of patients with nosocomial infections was significantly less (10.6 months) than in the cases of community rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) cases. Compared to the nosocomial infection cases, the duration of the disease and the duration of hospitalization among the community cases were significantly longer by 0.22 and 3.63 days, respectively, during 2006-2011. Though the vaccination coverage was found to correlate with changes in the type of the circulating rotaviruses, the natural circulation in rotavirus genotypes may not be excluded as important factor contributing to the emergence of G2P[4] strain during the survey period.

• MeSH
• gastroenteritida epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• infekce získané v komunitě epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• rotavirové infekce epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• Rotavirus klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

A total of 2,683 nonrepetitive Escherichia coli isolates were collected from microbiological laboratories covering all regions of the Czech Republic, during April 2011. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of E. coli were assessed. All 38 cefotaxime-resistant (CTX-R) isolates were found to be extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-positive by the double-disc synergy test. Thirty-two of those isolates produced enzymes of CTX-M-1 family, five of CTX-M-9 family, and one isolate both CTX-M types. Genotyping by multilocus sequence typing classified all ESBL-producing isolates into 13 sequence types (STs). ST131 was the most prevalent and was exclusively correlated with E. coli belonging to the more-virulent phylogroup B2. blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-9-like genes were mainly carried by plasmids belonging to the IncF group, while replicon I1 was predominant among CTX-M-1-encoding plasmids. Additionally, 63% of the ESBL-producing isolates were also resistant to ciprofloxacin. Sequence analysis of quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC revealed the presence of amino acid substitutions in 22 out of 23 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. The acc(6')-Ib-cr and qnrB1 plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were also detected in some of the isolates. This is the first report on the emergence and spread of CTX-M-producing E. coli in the community of the Czech Republic, indicating the high prevalence of ST131 clone among CTX-M producers.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   MeSH
• buněčné klony MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• fluorochinolony farmakologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce získané v komunitě epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• konjugace genetická MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• plazmidy genetika   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• pulzní gelová elektroforéza MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• virulence genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Pľúcne infekcie, predovšetkým invazívne pneumokokové ochorenia (IPO) sú považované za jednu z hlavných príčin mortality (> 80 %) u pacientov s chronickými pľúcnymi ochoreniami, hlavne u pacientov nad > 70–75 rokov. Najčastejšou formou IPO je komunitná pneumónia (CAP). Ako ukazujú klinické výsledky, najlepšiu metódu prevencie a redukcie mortality IPO a CAP predstavuje pneumokoková vakcinácia. V súčasnosti môžu byť rizikoví pacienti v Slovenskej republike vakcinovaní 10-valentonu konjugovanou vakcínou, 13-valentnou konjugovanou vakcínou alebo 23-valentnou polysacharidovou vakcínou. V Českej republike je dostupná aj 7-valentná konjugovaná vakcína. Obe vakcíny pokrývajú väčšinu pneumokokových sérotypov zodpovedných za patogenézu CAP. Hlavnou výhodou 13-valentnej vakcíny je vyšší očakávaný protektívny efekt v dôsledku jej mimoriadnej imunogenicity u starších pacientov asociovaný s priaznivým bezpečnostným profilom.

Pulmonary infections, especially invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) are considered as a significant cause of mortality (> 80 %) in patients with chronic respiratory diseases, mostly in elderly patients over > 70–75 years. The most frequent form of IPD is community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Clinical experience shows that the best method in terms of preventing and reducing the mortality risk of IPD and CAP is pneumococcal vaccination. At the present time, adult patients at risk can be vaccinated either with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) or pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 23-valent (PPSV23). Both vaccines cover the majority of the Pneumococcus serotypes involved in CAP pathogenesis. The main advantage of PCV13 is higher awaited protective effect due to its superb immunogenicity, especially in elderly patients, which is associated with an overall favourable safety profile. conjugate vaccine, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

• MeSH
• infekce získané v komunitě * epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pneumokokové vakcíny imunologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• pneumonie pneumokoková * epidemiologie   komplikace   mortalita   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sérotypizace MeSH
• Streptococcus pneumoniae imunologie   patogenita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH