Ictal central apnoea is a feature of focal temporal seizures. It is implicated as a risk factor for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Here we study seizure-related apnoeas in two different models of experimental seizures, one chronic and one acute, in adult genetically-unmodified rats, to determine mechanisms of seizure-related apnoeas. Under general anaesthesia rats receive sensors for nasal temperature, hippocampal and/or neocortical potentials, and ECG or EMG for subsequent tethered video-telemetry. Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), injected into hippocampus during surgery, induces a chronic epileptic focus. Other implanted rats receive intraperitoneal pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) to evoke acute seizures. In chronically epileptic rats, convulsive seizures cause apnoeas (9.9 ± 5.3 s; 331 of 730 convulsive seizures in 15 rats), associated with bradyarrhythmias. Absence of EEG and ECG biomarkers exclude obstructive apnoeas. All eight TeNT-rats with diaphragm EMG have apnoeas with no evidence of obstruction, and have apnoea EMGs significantly closer to expiratory relaxation than inspiratory contraction during pre-apnoeic respiration, which we term "atonic diaphragm". Consistent with atonic diaphragm is that the pre-apnoeic nasal airflow is expiration, as it is in human ictal central apnoea. Two cases of rat sudden death occur. One, with telemetry to the end, reveals a lethal apnoea, the other only has video during the final days, which reveals cessation of breathing shortly after the last clonic epileptic movement. Telemetry following acute systemic PTZ reveals repeated seizures and seizure-related apnoeas, culminating in lethal apnoeas; ictal apnoeas are central - in 8 of 35 cases diaphragms initially contract tonically for 8.5 ± 15.0 s before relaxing, in the 27 remaining cases diaphragms are atonic throughout apnoeas. All terminal apnoeas are atonic. Differences in types of apnoea due to systemic PTZ in rats (mainly atonic) and mice (tonic) are likely species-specific. Certain genetic mouse models have apnoeas caused by tonic contraction, potentially due to expression of epileptogenic mutations throughout the brain, including in respiratory centres, in contrast with acquired focal epilepsies. We conclude that ictal apnoeas in the rat TeNT model result from atonic diaphragms. Relaxed diaphragms could be particularly helpful for therapeutic stimulation of the diaphragm to help restore respiration.
- MeSH
- apnoe patofyziologie MeSH
- bránice * patofyziologie MeSH
- chronická nemoc MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
- pentylentetrazol toxicita MeSH
- potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- relaxace svalu fyziologie MeSH
- tetanový toxin toxicita MeSH
- záchvaty * patofyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: The Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS) diaphragm test and intra-abdominal pressure regulation test (IAPRT) are qualitative clinical tests that assess postural stability provided by the diaphragm. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the inter-rater reliability of the diaphragm test and IAPRT between an experienced and novice DNS clinician among individuals with non-specific low back pain (LBP) and neck pain. METHODS: Forty-five participants with non-specific LBP and/or neck pain were assessed by an experienced and novice DNS physiotherapist in the diaphragm test and IAPRT, and scored on a visual analog scale (VAS) according to five different criteria. RESULTS: Moderate reliability was noted when assessing LBP and neck pain patients in the diaphragm test and IAPRT (p < 0.001). Moderate reliability also existed when assessing only LBP (p < 0.001) or neck pain (p = 0.002, p = 0.009) independently. Patients with lower pain (NPRS score of 5 or < ) demonstrated lower intra-class correlation coefficients, yet still moderate reliability in the diaphragm test (p = 0.004) and IAPRT (p = 0.001). Patients with higher pain (NPRS score of 6 or > ) demonstrated greater intra-class correlation coefficients, with the diaphragm test resulting in good reliability (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The diaphragm test and IAPRT demonstrate moderate reliability between an experienced and novice DNS clinician when evaluating LBP and neck pain patients, with a greater degree of reliability noted in patients suffering from higher reported pain.
- MeSH
- bolest krku * patofyziologie diagnóza MeSH
- bránice * patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lumbalgie * patofyziologie diagnóza MeSH
- měření bolesti metody MeSH
- odchylka pozorovatele MeSH
- posturální rovnováha fyziologie MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Diaphragm atrophy and dysfunction is a major problem among critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation. Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction is thought to play a major role, resulting in a failure of weaning. Stimulation of the phrenic nerves and resulting diaphragm contraction could potentially prevent or treat this atrophy. The subject of this study is to determine the effectiveness of diaphragm stimulation in preventing atrophy by measuring changes in its thickness. METHODS: A total of 12 patients in the intervention group and 10 patients in the control group were enrolled. Diaphragm thickness was measured by ultrasound in both groups at the beginning of study enrollment (hour 0), after 24 hours, and at study completion (hour 48). The obtained data were then statistically analyzed and both groups were compared. RESULTS: The results showed that the baseline diaphragm thickness in the interventional group was (1.98 ± 0.52) mm and after 48 hours of phrenic nerve stimulation increased to (2.20 ± 0.45) mm (p=0.001). The baseline diaphragm thickness of (2.00 ± 0.33) mm decreased in the control group after 48 hours of mechanical ventilation to (1.72 ± 0.20) mm (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that induced contraction of the diaphragm by pacing the phrenic nerve not only reduces the rate of its atrophy during mechanical ventilation but also leads to an increase in its thickness - the main determinant of the muscle strength required for spontaneous ventilation and successful ventilator weaning. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (18/06/2018, NCT03559933, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03559933 ).
- MeSH
- bránice diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- elektrostimulační terapie přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- kritický stav MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nervus phrenicus fyziologie MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- respirační insuficience terapie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- svalová atrofie etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- ultrasonografie MeSH
- umělé dýchání škodlivé účinky metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
V první části vybraných témat z publikace Annual Update in Intensive Cace and Emergency Medicine 2017, vydané při příležitosti jarního Mezinárodního sympozia intenzivní péče a urgentní medicíny v Bruselu, bylo referováno v RV ARIM 2017, 64 (3), strany 3 – 28. Nyní se dostáváme k dalším zajímavým kapitolám této knihy. V postupném řazení jsou věnovány následující problematice: 1. Kdy zahájit léčbu, nahrazující renální funkce? 2. Přehled komplikací spojených s kontinuální dialyzační léčbou. 3. Nové pohledy na dysfunkci respiračních svalů u nemocných, léčených na JIP. 4. Nové metabolické substráty pro výživu traumatizovaného mozku. 5. Současné poznání a přístup k optimalizaci péče o septické stavy. Autoři ukazují na metabolickou, klinickou i laboratorní problematiku, výzkumy a pokroky v uvedených oblastech. Protože se jedná o dynamicky se rozvíjející poznání, nedospívají zpravidla ke konečným závěrům, ale informují o současném „state of art“
- Klíčová slova
- kontinuální dializační léčba, energetické substráty,
- MeSH
- bránice patofyziologie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dýchací svaly * patofyziologie MeSH
- jednotky intenzivní péče MeSH
- ketolátky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- náhrada funkce ledvin * klasifikace metody škodlivé účinky MeSH
- péče o pacienty v kritickém stavu MeSH
- sepse * terapie MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
- traumatické poranění mozku * MeSH
- umělé dýchání škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- souhrny MeSH
Chronic airflow limitation, caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or by asthma, is believed to change the shape and the position of the diaphragm due to an increase in lung volume. We have made a comparison of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of diaphragm in supine position with pulmonary functions, respiratory muscle function and exercise tolerance. We have studied the differences between patients with COPD, patients with asthma, and healthy subjects. Most interestingly we found the lung hyperinflation leads to the changes in diaphragmatic excursions during the breathing cycle, seen in the differences between the maximal expiratory diaphragm position (DPex) in patients with COPD and control group (p=0.0016). The magnitude of the diaphragmatic dysfunction was significantly related to the airflow limitation expressed by the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to slow vital capacity (FEV(1)/SVC), (%, p=0.0007); to the lung hyperinflation expressed as the ratio of the residual volume to total lung capacity (RV/TLC), (%, p=0.0018) and the extent of tidal volume constrain expressed as maximal tidal volume (V(Tmax)), ([l], p=0.0002); and the ratio of tidal volume to slow vital capacity (V(T)/SVC), (p=0.0038) during submaximal exercise. These results suggest that diaphragmatic movement fails to contribute sufficiently to the change in lung volume in emphysema. Tests of respiratory muscle function were related to the position of the diaphragm in deep expiration, e.g. neuromuscular coupling (P(0.1)/V(T)) (p=0.0232). The results have shown that the lung volumes determine the position of the diaphragm and function of the respiratory muscles. Chronic airflow limitation seems to change the position of the diaphragm, which thereafter influences inspiratory muscle function and exercise tolerance. There is an apparent relationship between the position of the diaphragm and the pulmonary functions and exercise tolerance.
- MeSH
- bránice patofyziologie MeSH
- bronchiální astma patofyziologie MeSH
- chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- respirační funkční testy MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Východiska: Sarkomatoidní karcinom (sarcomatoid carcinoma – SARC) plic patří mezi velmi vzácné a agresívní typy nemalobuněčného karcinomu plic. Jedná se o skupinu nízce diferencovaných karcinomů s částečnou sarkomatoidní diferenciací nebo přímo s komponentou sarkomu. Charakteristickým nálezem bývá objemný nádor se sklonem k invazi, brzká rekurence a systémové metastazování. Případ: Autoři prezentují případ SARC u 77leté pacientky. Předoperační staging prokázal sarkomatoidní karcinom dolního laloku levé plíce bez generalizace na PET CT, ale s infiltrací více než 2/3 bránice. Byla provedena resekce – dolní lobektomie s resekcí bránice a náhradou svalovým lalokem z m. latissimus dorsi na cévní stopce. Histologický nález potvrdil diagnózu sarkomatoidního (pleomorfního) karcinomu pT3N0M0. Pacientka prodělala adjuvantní chemoterapii, za 20 měsíců došlo k relapsu a systémové diseminaci nádoru, pacientka zemřela 21 měsíců od operace. Klíčová slova: karcinom plic – nádorová invaze – svalový lalok – bránice – sarkomatoidní karcinom Autoři deklarují, že v souvislosti s předmětem studie nemají žádné komerční zájmy. Redakční rada potvrzuje, že rukopis práce splnil ICMJE kritéria pro publikace zasílané do biomedicínských časopisů. Obdrženo: 15. 10. 2014 Přijato: 2. 12. 2014
Background: Sarcomatoid carcinoma (SARC) of the lung is a very rare and aggressive type of non‑small cell lung cancer. It belongs to a group of poorly differentiated carcinomas with partial sarcomatoid differentiation or with a direct sarcoma component. Characteristic findings include a large tumor with an invasive tendency, early recurrence and systemic metastases. Case: The authors present a case of SARC in the 77‑year‑old patient. Preoperative staging confirmed sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lower lobe of the left lung without generalization on PET/CT. However, an infiltration of more than 2/3 of the diaphragm was ascertained. A resection was performed – a left lower lobectomy with resection of the diaphragm and its replacement by a muscle flap made from the latissimus dorsi muscle with vascular pedicle. Histological findings confirmed the diagnosis of sarcomatoid (pleomorphic) carcinoma pT3N0M0. The patient underwent adjuvant chemotherapy; recurrence and systemic dissemination of the disease occurred after 20 months; the patient died 21 months after the surgery.
- MeSH
- adjuvantní chemoterapie využití MeSH
- bránice * chirurgie patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mnohočetné primární nádory MeSH
- nemalobuněčný karcinom plic * diagnóza chirurgie patofyziologie MeSH
- pneumektomie * využití MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
- příčina smrti MeSH
- recidiva MeSH
- rentgendiagnostika hrudníku MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stupeň nádoru MeSH
- terapie neúspěšná MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
We present a postural analysis of diaphragm function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The main aim of the study was to identify changes in diaphragm motion and shape when postural demands on the body were increased (loading applied to a distal part of the extended lower extremities against the flexion of the hips was used). Sixteen healthy subjects were compared with 17 subjects suffering from chronic low back pain and in whom structural spine disorders had been identified. Two sets of features were calculated from MRI recordings: dynamic parameters reflecting diaphragm action, and static parameters reflecting diaphragm anatomic characteristics. A statistical analysis showed that the diaphragm respiratory and postural changes were significantly slower, bigger in size and better balanced in the control group. When a load was applied to the lower limbs, the pathological subjects were mostly not able to maintain the respiratory diaphragm function, which was lowered significantly. Subjects from the control group showed more stable parameters of both respiratory and postural function. Our findings consistently affirmed worse muscle cooperation in the low back pain population subgroup. A clear relation with spinal findings and with low back pain remains undecided, but various findings in the literature were confirmed. The most important finding is the need to further address various mechanisms used by patients to compensate deep muscle insufficiency.
- MeSH
- bránice fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
- mechanika dýchání MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- páteř MeSH
- pohyb těles MeSH
- postura těla * MeSH
- posturální rovnováha MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
V prezentovanej kazuistike predkladáme prípad mladého muža prešetrovaného pre progredujúcu dýchavicu a kašeľ. V úvode hospitalizácie vzhľadom na postupne sa vyvíjajúcu dýchavicu myslíme na možnú sukcesívnu embolizáciu do vetiev a. pulmonalis. Realizované vyšetrenia (CT-pulmoangiografia bez výpadu perfúzie, negatívne D diméry, normálny echokardiografický nález) však nepodporujú vyššie suponovanú diagnózu. Klinicky je u pacienta nápadná svalová dysbalancia trupu a kostálny typ dýchania. Dychové exkurzie pacienta sú malé, bez zapájania bránice. Počas spirometrického vyšetrenia zaznamenávame nespoluprácu, a nemôžeme sa tak vyjadriť k ventilačným funkčným parametrom. Merané hodnoty krvných plynov v kľude i pri záťaži sú v rámci normy. Funkčné vyšetrenie bránice záveruje stredne ťažkú parézu oboch bránic. Vysokorozlišovacie CT (HRCT) pľúc popisuje fibrózne zmeny v oblasti ľavej bránice. V laboratórnych vyšetreniach u pacienta dokumentujeme sérologickú pozitivitu anamnestických protilátok proti Cytomegalovírusu (CMV) a Chlamydia pneumoniae. V dostupnej dokumentácii je asi 2 roky u pacienta diagnostikovaná hepatopatia nejasnej etiológie. Po zhodnotení dostupných výsledkov v korelácii s dýchavicou u pacienta predpokladáme ako etiológiu parézy bránice najpravdepodobnejšie vplyv v minulosti prekonanej infekcie tzv. neurotropnými vírusmi (CMV), event. Chlamydia pneumoniae. Príčina parézy však môže prameniť i zo svalovej dysbalancie pacienta, kedy bránica simuluje paretické správanie a záchyt hepatopatie s anamnestickými protilátkami proti CMV, a Chlamydia pneumoniae je náhodnou (ne) významnou koincidenciou.
This is a case report of a young male who presented with progressive dyspnea and cough. After his admission, gradually developing dyspnea was suggestive of potential recurrent embolism of pulmonary artery branches. The above diagnosis, however, was not confirmed by investigations (CT pulmonary angiogram with no perfusion impairment, negative D-dimer test and normal echocardiographic findings). The patient's clinical manifestations were apparent trunk muscle imbalance and costal breathing. The patient's breathing was shallow, without using the diaphragm. Since the patient was non-compliant during spirometry, his lung function parameters could not be assessed. Blood gas analysis at rest and on exertion showed normal values. Diaphragm function assessment revealed moderate paralysis of both diaphragms. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the lungs showed fibrosis of the left diaphragm. Laboratory analyses detected serological positivity for anamnestic antibodies against Cytomegalouirus (CMV) and Chlamydia pneumoniae. The patient's available medical records showed hepatopathy of unknov^m origin diagnosed two years previously. After the available results were correlated with the patient's dyspnea, his diaphragmatic paralysis was suggested to be most likely due to a past infection with the so-called neurotropic viruses (CMV) or Chlamydia pneumoniae. However, the paralysis may also stem from the patient's muscle imbalance, with the diaphragm mimicking paralysis patterns and hepatopathy with anamnestic antibodies against CMV and Chlamydia pneumoniae being just an accidental (in)significant coincidence.
- Klíčová slova
- neurotropní virus,
- MeSH
- bránice * patofyziologie MeSH
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Cytomegalovirus izolace a purifikace MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dyspnoe * etiologie MeSH
- kašel etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- paréza * diagnóza patofyziologie rehabilitace MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
- postura těla MeSH
- rehabilitace MeSH
- respirační paralýza diagnóza patofyziologie rehabilitace MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study. OBJECTIVES: To examine the function of the diaphragm during postural limb activities in patients with chronic low back pain and healthy controls. BACKGROUND: Abnormal stabilizing function of the diaphragm may be an etiological factor in spinal disorders. However, a study designed specifically to test the dynamics of the diaphragm in chronic spinal disorders is lacking. METHODS: Eighteen patients with chronic low back pain due to chronic overloading, as ascertained via clinical assessment and magnetic resonance imaging, and 29 healthy subjects were examined. Both groups presented with normal pulmonary function test results. A dynamic magnetic resonance imaging system and specialized spirometric readings were used with subjects in the supine position. Measurements during tidal breathing (TB) and isometric flexion of the upper and lower extremities against external resistance with TB were performed. Standard pulmonary function tests, including respiratory muscle drive (PI(max) and PE(max)), were also assessed. RESULTS: Using multivariate analysis of covariance, smaller diaphragm excursions and higher diaphragm position were found in the patient group (P<.05) during the upper extremity TB and lower extremity TB conditions. Maximum changes were found in costal and middle points of the diaphragm. A 1-way analysis of covariance showed a steeper slope in the middle-posterior diaphragm in the patient group both in the upper extremity TB and lower extremity TB conditions (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic low back pain appear to have both abnormal position and a steeper slope of the diaphragm, which may contribute to the etiology of the disorder.
- MeSH
- bránice patofyziologie MeSH
- břišní svaly patofyziologie MeSH
- chronická nemoc MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lumbalgie diagnóza etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- posturální rovnováha fyziologie MeSH
- respirační funkční testy MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH