The choroid plexus (CP) forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (B-CSF) barrier is among the least studied structures of the central nervous system (CNS) despite its clinical importance. The CP is an epithelio-endothelial convolute comprising a highly vascularized stroma with fenestrated capillaries and a continuous lining of epithelial cells joined by apical tight junctions (TJs) that are crucial in forming the B-CSF barrier. Integrity of the CP is critical for maintaining brain homeostasis and B-CSF barrier permeability. Recent experimental and clinical research has uncovered the significance of the CP in the pathophysiology of various diseases affecting the CNS. The CP is involved in penetration of various pathogens into the CNS, as well as the development of neurodegenerative (e.g., Alzheimer´s disease) and autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis). Moreover, the CP was shown to be important for restoring brain homeostasis following stroke and trauma. In addition, new diagnostic methods and treatment of CP papilloma and carcinoma have recently been developed. This review describes and summarizes the current state of knowledge with regard to the roles of the CP and B-CSF barrier in the pathophysiology of various types of CNS diseases and sets up the foundation for further avenues of research.
- Klíčová slova
- Autoimmune disease, Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, Carcinoma, Choroid plexus, Inflammatory diseases, Neurodegenerative disease, Stroke,
- MeSH
- homeostáza fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozkomíšní mok metabolismus MeSH
- nemoci centrálního nervového systému * imunologie metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- plexus chorioideus anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-containing structures that surround the soma and dendrites of various mammalian neuronal cell types. PNNs appear during development around the time that the critical periods for developmental plasticity end and are important for both their onset and closure. A similar structure - the perinodal ECM - surrounds the axonal nodes of Ranvier and appears as myelination is completed, acting as an ion-diffusion barrier that affects axonal conduction speed. Recent work has revealed the importance of PNNs in controlling plasticity in the CNS. Digestion, blocking or removal of PNNs influences functional recovery after a variety of CNS lesions. PNNs have further been shown to be involved in the regulation of memory and have been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders.
- MeSH
- duševní poruchy patofyziologie MeSH
- extracelulární matrix fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely neurologické MeSH
- nemoci centrálního nervového systému patofyziologie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie MeSH
- neuroplasticita fyziologie MeSH
- paměť fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Neurogenic pulmonary oedema (NPE) is avery rare complication of epileptic seizures, which could potentially increase mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The case of a66-year-old male patient with NPE caused by repeated epileptic seizures is reported. Rapid resolution of pulmonary oedema is well documented by X-ray and computed tomography images. CONCLUSIONS: Neurogenic pulmonary oedema could potentially increase mortality, and thus, it is important to perform achest X-ray in all patients presenting with seizures and dyspnoea.
- Klíčová slova
- epilepsy, neurogenic pulmonary oedema, seizure,
- MeSH
- centrální nervový systém patofyziologie MeSH
- hemodynamika fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci centrálního nervového systému patologie patofyziologie MeSH
- plicní edém patologie patofyziologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
Neurogenic pulmonary oedema is a complication of severe central nervous system injury. The centre of neurogenic pulmonary oedema is assumed to be a group of dorsal ventrolateral medulla nuclei, which are activated by a combination of afferent pathway hyperactivity and a sudden increase of intracranial pressure. The sympathetic system plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary oedema by activating a rapid cascade of processes, leading to interstitial and intraalveolar oedema, together with important haemorrhage. For the diagnosis of neurogenic pulmonary oedema, physical examination and chest X-ray are crucial. The differential diagnosis is not easy, but the chances of proper diagnosis are increased when the relation between the central nervous system injury and the pulmonary problems is considered. Targeted curative treatment of neurogenic pulmonary oedema does not exist yet; thus, the treatment options are mainly supportive and symptomatic. The most important ones are continuous patient monitoring, posture and ventilation and oxygenation support. There are several experimental models that can be used for studying the etiopathogenesis or treatment of neurogenic pulmonary oedema. The main goal of experimental studies is to elucidate a preventive and therapeutic approach that is able to prevent or treat neurogenic pulmonary oedema. In this context, the most promising agent is atropine.
INTRODUCTION: The cerebellum is a very complex structure with many motor/non-motor functions and direct and indirect connections with almost the entire central nervous system. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive electrophysiological method for studying, diagnosing, and treating disorders of the nervous system. The aim of the present review is to summarise the research and potential clinical uses of cerebellar TMS. METHODS: PubMed literature search using the key words "cerebellum TMS". RESULTS: TMS of the cerebellum is used in two types of protocols. The first type involves the separate stimulation of the cerebellum while tracking its clinical or electrophysiological influence on motor and non-motor functions. The second involves stimulation of the cerebellum as a conditioning stimulus before stimulating the motor cortex, to monitor the electrophysiological impact of cerebellar stimulation on the motor cortex. Most studies are performed on small groups of healthy volunteers; isolated studies are performed on patients with neurological disorders (spinocerebellar ataxia, migraine, dystonia, Miller Fisher syndrome). It has been shown that cerebellar TMS is able to influence motor systems, memory, and perception of time, and there is evidence of its electrophysiological effects in the frontal cortex. CONCLUSION: Published studies suggest that cerebellar TMS is currently only important in research. There is not yet any clear or reliable evidence of the therapeutic effects of cerebellar TMS. However, its use as a treatment method can be anticipated.
- MeSH
- čelní lalok fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorické evokované potenciály MeSH
- mozeček fyziologie MeSH
- nemoci centrálního nervového systému patofyziologie MeSH
- transkraniální magnetická stimulace * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Five children with a history of preterm birth (mean gestational age of 27 weeks; birth weight 870-1,380 g) and perinatal post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus were examined ophthalmologically at ages ranging from 4-11 years. An extended visual evoked potentials (VEPs) examination was simultaneously performed, using pattern-reversal, motion-onset, and cognitive visual stimuli. Although 3 of the 10 eyes displayed about normal visual acuity (> or =0.9), all of the examined eyes were abnormal for at least one variant of the tested VEPs. Pathological changes in VEPs (missing responses, shape abnormalities due to delayed VEPs maturation, prolonged peak latencies, and reduced amplitudes) were roughly proportional to both gestational age and reduction in visual acuity. A more severe pathology was found in the motion-onset VEPs (in all five subjects - nine eyes) when compared to the pattern-reversal VEPs (in four subjects - eight eyes). These observations suggest that the magnocellular system/dorsal stream of the visual pathway (which is particularly activated in response to motion stimuli) may be more frequently affected in preterm children than the parvocellular system/ventral stream (tested mostly by the standard pattern-reversal VEPs). This pilot study may encourage further testing of the combined pattern and motion-related VEPs examinations in preterm children as a way of detecting hidden cortical/cerebral visual impairment (CVI).
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- gestační stáří MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci centrálního nervového systému patofyziologie MeSH
- novorozenec nedonošený MeSH
- novorozenec s nízkou porodní hmotností MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- refrakce oka fyziologie MeSH
- zraková ostrost fyziologie MeSH
- zrakové dráhy patofyziologie MeSH
- zrakové evokované potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- zrakové korové centrum patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Locomotor control requires a spatiotemporal coordination of passive and active forces across the movement system. Both anticipatory and reactive strategies operate in locomotor control. Mammalian locomotion is based on a rhythmic, "pacemaker" activity of spinal stepping generators. Reflex modification of the gait cycle is task-, context- and especially phase-dependent. In spasticity, together with disturbed supraspinal control, the phase-dependent reflex modulation of the gait cycle is severely impaired and there is altered modulation and timing of muscle activation and relaxation during voluntary movement. There is also a poor correlation between EMG activity and tension development in the spastic muscle. The tension increases without sufficient muscle activation and disconnection and dyscoordination between muscle activation, tension development and motor performance develops. The pattern of muscle activation and the development of increased muscle tone in patients with spasticity may be dramatically different in active movement from that observed in clinical testing of the passive muscles. Strategies used in the functional treatment of spasticity should be aimed at training and activating residual motor function, suppression of pathological and unfavourable movement and postural patterns and preventing secondary complications. In the 1990s a number of new specific instrumental methods and technical equipment supporting gait rehabilitation in patients with CNS lesions were developed: rhythmic auditory stimulation and other types of rhythmic stimulation, partial body support, usually with treadmill walking, complex orthotic support of bipedal locomotion, multichannel functional electrical stimulation, usually with programmable computer control, and advanced gait trainers. In therapy of spastic gait, the functional goals should be clearly determined from the kinesiological point of view of the impairment, and the impact on disability and handicap should be considered and a multidisciplinary approach is essential. (Ref. 139.)
- MeSH
- chůze (způsob) fyziologie MeSH
- kineziologie aplikovaná MeSH
- kosterní svaly inervace patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci centrálního nervového systému patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- nervový systém patofyziologie MeSH
- svalová spasticita patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Male albino Wistar rats were once or repeatedly exposed to three various low concentrations of sarin for 60 min. in the inhalation chamber. The clinical status of control as well as sarin-poisoned rats was tested 3 months after exposure to sarin using biochemical, haematological, neurophysiological, behavioural and immunotoxicological methods. While biochemical and haematological parameters, including the activities of cholinesterases in erythrocytes, plasma and various organs (brain, diaphragm), did not differ from the control values regardless of the sarin concentration used, few signs of sarin-induced neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity in sarin-poisoned rats were demonstrated. This was especially true when the single exposure of rats to non-convulsive symptomatic concentration and repeated exposure of rats to clinically asymptomatic concentration of sarin was used. In rats repeatedly poisoned with clinically asymptomatic concentrations of sarin, the alteration of the gait characterized by ataxia, the increase in the stereotyped behaviour, the increase in the excitability of the central nervous system following the administration of the convulsive drug pentamethylenetetrazol were observed. In rats poisoned with non-convulsive symptomatic concentration of sarin, the subtle supression of spontaneous, as well as lipopolysaccharides-stimulated, proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and the bactericidal activity of peritoneal macrophages was primarily observed besides the signs of neurotoxicity. Our findings confirm that both non-convulsive symptomatic and clinically asymptomatic concentrations of sarin can only cause very few, subtle long-term signs of neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity in sarin-poisoned rats when the rats were exposed to asymptomatic sarin concentrations repeatedly.
- MeSH
- aktivace lymfocytů účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- aplikace inhalační MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- hematologické testy MeSH
- imunitní systém účinky léků patofyziologie MeSH
- inhalační expozice MeSH
- klinické chemické testy MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- lymfocyty účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- nemoci centrálního nervového systému chemicky indukované patofyziologie MeSH
- peritoneální makrofágy účinky léků imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- sarin aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- záchvaty chemicky indukované patofyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biologické markery MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory MeSH
- sarin MeSH
- MeSH
- ischemie patofyziologie MeSH
- leukotrien B4 fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci centrálního nervového systému patofyziologie MeSH
- šok patofyziologie MeSH
- SRS-A fyziologie MeSH
- zánět patofyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- leukotrien B4 MeSH
- SRS-A MeSH
