Isoxazolines are oral insecticidal drugs currently licensed for ectoparasite control in companion animals. Here we propose their use in humans for the reduction of vector-borne disease incidence. Fluralaner and afoxolaner rapidly killed Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex mosquitoes and Phlebotomus sand flies after feeding on a drug-supplemented blood meal, with IC50 values ranging from 33 to 575 nM, and were fully active against strains with preexisting resistance to common insecticides. Based on allometric scaling of preclinical pharmacokinetics data, we predict that a single human median dose of 260 mg (IQR, 177-407 mg) for afoxolaner, or 410 mg (IQR, 278-648 mg) for fluralaner, could provide an insecticidal effect lasting 50-90 days against mosquitoes and Phlebotomus sand flies. Computational modeling showed that seasonal mass drug administration of such a single dose to a fraction of a regional population would dramatically reduce clinical cases of Zika and malaria in endemic settings. Isoxazolines therefore represent a promising new component of drug-based vector control.

• Klíčová slova
• insecticide, isoxazoline, malaria, vector control, zika fever,
• MeSH
• Culicidae růst a vývoj   MeSH
• insekticidy farmakologie   MeSH
• komáří přenašeči růst a vývoj   MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• moskyti - kontrola metody   MeSH
• Psychodidae růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• insekticidy MeSH

Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Amaranthaceae) and Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. (Rutaceae) are two aromatic species traditionally used in Cameroon to repel and kill insects. The present work was carried out to substantiate this traditional use and to evaluate the possible incorporation in commercial botanical insecticides of their essential oils (EOs). The EOs were distilled from leaves of C. anisata and aerial parts of D. ambrosioides and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The insecticidal activity of both EOs was investigated against the filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus, and the housefly, Musca domestica. As possible mode of action, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by the two EOs was investigated as well. The D. ambrosioides EO was characterized by the monoterpene peroxide ascaridole (61.4%) and the aromatic p-cymene (29.0%), whereas the C. anisata EO was dominated by the phenylpropanoids (E)-anethole (64.6%) and (E)-methyl isoeugenol (16.1%). The C. anisata EO proved to be very toxic to third instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus showing LC50 of 29.3 μl/l, whereas D. ambrosioides EO was more toxic to adults of M. domestica showing a LD50 of 51.7 μg/adult. The mixture of both EOs showed a significant synergistic effect against mosquito larvae with LC50 estimated as 19.3 μl/l, whereas this phenomenon was not observed upon application to M. domestica adults (LD50 = 75.9 μg/adult). Of the two EOs, the D. ambrosioides one provided a good inhibition of AChE (IC50 = 77 μg/ml), whereas C. anisata oil was not effective. These findings provide new evidences supporting the ethno-botanical use of these two Cameroonian plants, and their possible application even in synergistic binary blends, to develop new eco-friendly, safe and effective herbal insecticides.

• Klíčová slova
• Clausena anisata, Culex quinquefasciatus, Dysphania ambrosioides, Ethno-botanical pesticides, Musca domestica, St. Louis encephalitis,
• MeSH
• Clausena chemie   MeSH
• Culex účinky léků   MeSH
• insekticidy analýza   MeSH
• komáří přenašeči MeSH
• larva účinky léků   MeSH
• listy rostlin chemie   MeSH
• monoterpeny s cyklohexanovým kruhem MeSH
• monoterpeny chemie   MeSH
• moucha domácí účinky léků   MeSH
• oleje prchavé chemie   MeSH
• peroxidy chemie   MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kamerun MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ascaridole MeSH Prohlížeč
• insekticidy MeSH
• monoterpeny s cyklohexanovým kruhem MeSH
• monoterpeny MeSH
• oleje prchavé MeSH
• peroxidy MeSH

In the attempt to exploit the potential of the monoecious fiber hemp cv. Futura 75 in new fields besides textile, cosmetics and food industry, its crop-residue given by leaves and inflorescences was subjected to hydrodistillation to obtain the essential oils. These are niche products representing an ideal candidate for the development of natural insecticides for the control and management of mosquito vectors, houseflies and moth pests. After GC-MS analysis highlighting a safe and legal chemical profile (THC in the range 0.004-0.012% dw), the leaf and inflorescence essential oils were investigated for the insecticidal potential against three insect targets: the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Spodoptera littoralis and the adults of Musca domestica. The essential oil from inflorescences, showing (E)-caryophyllene (21.4%), myrcene (11.3%), cannabidiol (CBD, 11.1%), α-pinene (7.8%), terpinolene (7.6%), and α-humulene (7.1%) as the main components, was more effective than leaf oil against these insects, with LD50 values of 65.8 μg/larva on S. littoralis, 122.1 μg/adult on M. domestica, and LC50 of 124.5 μl/l on C. quinquefasciatus larvae. The hemp essential oil moderately inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is a target enzyme in pesticide science. Overall, these results shed light on the future application of fiber hemp crop-residue for the development of effective, eco-friendly and sustainable insecticides.

• Klíčová slova
• Cannabis sativa, Crop residue, Culex quinquefasciatus, Essential oil, Musca domestica, Spodoptera littoralis,
• MeSH
• acyklické monoterpeny MeSH
• alkeny chemie   MeSH
• bicyklické monoterpeny MeSH
• Cannabis chemie   MeSH
• Culex účinky léků   MeSH
• insekticidy chemie   MeSH
• larva účinky léků   MeSH
• monocyklické seskviterpeny MeSH
• monoterpeny s cyklohexanovým kruhem MeSH
• monoterpeny chemie   MeSH
• moucha domácí chemie   MeSH
• odpadní produkty MeSH
• oleje prchavé chemie   MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• polycyklické seskviterpeny MeSH
• seskviterpeny chemie   MeSH
• Spodoptera účinky léků   MeSH
• terpeny chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acyklické monoterpeny MeSH
• alkeny MeSH
• alpha-pinene MeSH Prohlížeč
• bicyklické monoterpeny MeSH
• caryophyllene MeSH Prohlížeč
• humulene MeSH Prohlížeč
• insekticidy MeSH
• monocyklické seskviterpeny MeSH
• monoterpeny s cyklohexanovým kruhem MeSH
• monoterpeny MeSH
• myrcene MeSH Prohlížeč
• odpadní produkty MeSH
• oleje prchavé MeSH
• polycyklické seskviterpeny MeSH
• seskviterpeny MeSH
• terpeny MeSH
• terpinolene MeSH Prohlížeč

The rapid spread of highly aggressive arboviruses, parasites, and bacteria along with the development of resistance in the pathogens and parasites, as well as in their arthropod vectors, represents a huge challenge in modern parasitology and tropical medicine. Eco-friendly vector control programs are crucial to fight, besides malaria, the spread of dengue, West Nile, chikungunya, and Zika virus, as well as other arboviruses such as St. Louis encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. However, research efforts on the control of mosquito vectors are experiencing a serious lack of eco-friendly and highly effective pesticides, as well as the limited success of most biocontrol tools currently applied. Most importantly, a cooperative interface between the two disciplines is still lacking. To face this challenge, we have reviewed a wide number of promising results in the field of green-fabricated pesticides tested against mosquito vectors, outlining several examples of synergy with classic biological control tools. The non-target effects of green-fabricated nanopesticides, including acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and impact on behavioral traits of mosquito predators, have been critically discussed. In the final section, we have identified several key challenges at the interface between "green" nanotechnology and classic biological control, which deserve further research attention.

• Klíčová slova
• Arbovirus, Biosafety, Dengue, Genotoxicity, Japanese encephalitis, Malaria, Nanosynthesis, West Nile virus, Zika virus,
• MeSH
• dengue MeSH
• hmyz - vektory účinky léků   MeSH
• infekce virem zika mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• malárie MeSH
• moskyti - kontrola * metody   MeSH
• One Health MeSH
• virus zika MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In Cameroon, many dietary spices are used by traditional healers to cure several diseases such as cancer and microbial infections. Aframomum daniellii, Dichrostachys cinerea and Echinops giganteus are Cameroonian spices widely used as flavourings and as food additives. Moreover, they are traditionally herbal remedies employed to treat several diseases, as well as to control populations of insect pests. In this research, we analysed the chemical composition of A. daniellii, D. cinerea and E. giganteus essential oils and we evaluated their larvicidal potential against larvae of the filariasis and West Nile virus vector Culex quinquefasciatus. The essential oils were obtained from different plant parts by hydrodistillation and their composition was analysed by GC-MS. The three spices exhibited different volatile chemical profiles, being characterized by 1,8-cineole, sabinene and β-pinene (A. daniellii), geraniol and terpinen-4-ol (D. cinerea), and silphiperfol-6-ene and presilphiperfolan-8-ol (E. giganteus). Results showed that the highest larvicidal toxicity on Cx. quinquefasciatus was exerted by D. cinerea essential oil (LC50 = 39.1 μL L-1), followed by A. daniellii (pericarp essential oil: LC50 = 65.5 μL L-1; leaves: LC50 = 65.5μL L-1; seeds: LC50 = 106.5μL L-1) and E. giganteus (LC50 = 227.4 μL L-1). Overall, the chance to use the D. cinerea essential oil against Cx. quinquefasciatus young instars seems promising, since it is effective at moderate doses and could be an advantageous alternative to build newer mosquito control tools.

• Klíčová slova
• Aframomum daniellii, Culex quinquefasciatus, Dichrostachys cinerea, Echinops giganteus, Essential oil, Rift Valley fever, West Nile virus,
• MeSH
• Anopheles účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Culex účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• filarióza přenos   MeSH
• hmyz - vektory účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• insekticidy chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• koření analýza   MeSH
• larva účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• listy rostlin chemie   MeSH
• moskyti - kontrola metody   MeSH
• oleje prchavé chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kamerun MeSH
• Názvy látek
• insekticidy MeSH
• oleje prchavé MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH

Arthropods are dangerous vectors of agents of deadly diseases, which may hit as epidemics or pandemics in the increasing world population of humans and animals. Among them, ticks transmit more pathogen species than any other group of blood-feeding arthropods worldwide. Thus, the effective and eco-friendly control of tick vectors in a constantly changing environment is a crucial challenge. A number of novel routes have been attempted to prevent and control tick-borne diseases, including the development of (i) vaccines against viruses vectored by ticks; (ii) pheromone-based control tools, with special reference to the "lure and kill" techniques; (iii) biological control programmes relying on ticks' natural enemies and pathogens; and (iv) the integrated pest management practices aimed at reducing tick interactions with livestock. However, the extensive employment of acaricides and tick repellents still remains the two most effective and ready-to-use strategies. Unfortunately, the first one is limited by the rapid development of resistance in ticks, as well as by serious environmental concerns. On the other hand, the exploitation of plants as sources of effective tick repellents is often promising. Here, we reviewed current knowledge concerning the effectiveness of plant extracts as acaricides or repellents against tick vectors of public health importance, with special reference to Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus, Amblyomma cajennense, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus pulchellus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus turanicus. Eighty-three plant species from 35 botanical families were selected. The most frequent botanical families exploited as sources of acaricides and repellents against ticks were Asteraceae (15 % of the selected studies), Fabaceae (9 %), Lamiaceae (10 %), Meliaceae (5 %), Solanaceae (6 %) and Verbenaceae (5 %). Regression equation analyses showed that the literature grew by approximately 20 % per year (period: 2005-2015). Lastly, in the final section, insights for future research are discussed. We focused on some caveats for future data collection and analysis. Current critical points mainly deal with (a) not uniform methods used, which prevent proper comparison of the results; (b) inaccurate tested concentrations, frequently 100 % concentration corresponded to the gross extract, where the exact amounts of extracted substances are unknown; and (c) not homogeneous size of tested tick instars and species. Overall, the knowledge summarized in this review may be helpful for comparative screening among extensive numbers of plant-borne preparations, in order to develop newer and safer tick control tools.

• Klíčová slova
• Arbovirus, Argasidae, Biosafety, DEET, Icaridin, Ixodidae, Lyme disease, Plant extract, Rickettsiales,
• MeSH
• akaricidy farmakologie   MeSH
• Asteraceae chemie   MeSH
• dobytek MeSH
• Fabaceae chemie   MeSH
• hluchavkovité chemie   MeSH
• infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
• klíště účinky léků   MeSH
• kontrola klíšťat metody   MeSH
• nemoci přenášené klíšťaty prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Rhipicephalus sanguineus účinky léků   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• akaricidy MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH