The development of levels of secretory immunoglobulins (SIgs) in newborns' saliva was examined under physiological conditions and after artificial colonization with nonpathogenic, probiotic bacterial strain E. coli O83. Higher levels of secretory immunoglobulin M (SIgM) and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) were detected in the saliva of breast-fed children when compared with those of bottle-fed infants. SIgM was found earlier than SIgA, the levels of both SIgM and SIgA decreased after weaning. Breastfeeding actively stimulates local immunity on mucosal membranes of newborn infants. Early mucosal colonization with nonpathogenic E. coli bacteria stimulates the mucosal immune system to produce specific antibodies as well as nonspecific secretory immunoglobulins.

• MeSH
• Escherichia coli growth & development   immunology   MeSH
• Immunoglobulin A, Secretory analysis   MeSH
• Immunoglobulins analysis   MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Breast Feeding MeSH
• Bottle Feeding MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Probiotics * MeSH
• Antibodies analysis   MeSH
• Saliva immunology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Immunoglobulin A, Secretory MeSH
• Immunoglobulins MeSH
• Antibodies MeSH

Early onset periodontitis (EOP) is a chronic inflammatory periodontal disease with a strong genetic link affecting individuals aged 17 to 25. In the familial studies we tested the hypothesis about the role of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the pathogenesis of EOP disease. The study involved 6 individuals with EOP disease and their 6 siblings with healthy periodontium. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. a), a bacterium typical for EOP, was detected in all people studied. Th1 and Th2 cytokine production was measured after in vitro stimulation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and cultivated for 24 h and 7 days with PWM, A. a. or Escherichia coli. The levels of IL-4, IFN-gamma, IgA, IgG and IgM were measured by ELISA methods. After in vitro stimulation of PBMC, a significantly higher production of IL-4 and significantly lower production of IFN-gamma were found in the group of patients compared with their healthy siblings. The increased level of IL-4 in patients was in good agreement with an increased level of IgM after stimulation of lymphocytes with E. coli. These results support Seymour's hypothesis according to which patients with progressive disease primarily activate Th2 lymphocytes while non-susceptible individuals activate Th1 lymphocytes.

• MeSH
• Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans immunology   MeSH
• Aggressive Periodontitis immunology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Escherichia coli immunology   MeSH
• Immunoglobulin A metabolism   MeSH
• Immunoglobulin G metabolism   MeSH
• Immunoglobulin M metabolism   MeSH
• Interferon-gamma biosynthesis   MeSH
• Interleukin-4 biosynthesis   MeSH
• Cells, Cultured MeSH
• Leukocytes, Mononuclear cytology   immunology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Nuclear Family MeSH
• Th1 Cells immunology   MeSH
• Th2 Cells immunology   MeSH
• Age of Onset MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Immunoglobulin A MeSH
• Immunoglobulin G MeSH
• Immunoglobulin M MeSH
• Interferon-gamma MeSH
• Interleukin-4 MeSH

Immunoglobulin (Ig) response to different polyclonal B-cell activators was measured by ELISA in cell culture media of thymocytes, splenocytes and liver cells isolated from pig fetuses, 8-d-old germ-free piglets and conventionally reared pigs. Both in fetal and in postnatal life polyclonally stimulated lymphocytes were found to produce predominantly the IgM isotype; the first IgM formation was detected in 50-d-old fetal liver (gestation in pigs lasts 114 d). Surprisingly, 73-d-old fetal thymic cells were shown to be induced to Ig synthesis and secretion. In contrast to splenocytes of the same age, which secreted exclusively IgM, fetal thymocytes produced IgM, IgG and IgA. Polyclonally stimulated splenic cells as compared with thymic cells started to produce IgA later in fetal ontogeny, whereas the IgG response was not detectable in splenic cell culture media during the whole embryonal development and appeared only after birth. The earliest and the highest Ig stimulation was found after cultivation of lymphocytes with Nocardia delipidated cell mitogen. Interestingly, the moderate stimulatory effect of 65-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp-65) in polyclonal IgM response of fetal splenocytes was observed. We showed that thymic B lymphocytes represent probably the first maturing B cell population detectable in fetal life, which is able to differentiate after polyclonal stimulation into IgM as well as IgA and IgG producing cells.

• MeSH
• Lymphocyte Activation * MeSH
• B-Lymphocytes drug effects   immunology   MeSH
• Bacterial Proteins * MeSH
• Chaperonin 60 MeSH
• Chaperonins immunology   MeSH
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay MeSH
• Germ-Free Life immunology   MeSH
• Liver cytology   embryology   growth & development   immunology   MeSH
• Lipopolysaccharides immunology   MeSH
• Pokeweed Mitogens immunology   MeSH
• Mitogens immunology   MeSH
• Organic Chemicals MeSH
• Organ Culture Techniques MeSH
• Fetus immunology   MeSH
• Swine embryology   growth & development   immunology   MeSH
• Spleen cytology   immunology   MeSH
• Thymus Gland cytology   embryology   growth & development   immunology   MeSH
• Antibody Formation * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Bacterial Proteins * MeSH
• Chaperonin 60 MeSH
• Chaperonins MeSH
• heat-shock protein 65, Mycobacterium MeSH Browser
• Lipopolysaccharides MeSH
• Pokeweed Mitogens MeSH
• Mitogens MeSH
• Nocardia delipidated cell mitogen MeSH Browser
• Organic Chemicals MeSH

Microbial products are surveyed that have an immunoregulatory activity, both from the realm of low-molar-mass compounds and from the group of naturally occurring polymers. The data include in most cases the producer organism or source, a brief chemical characteristic and biological activity. Various groups of substances are compared, the drawbacks attendant on their acquisition and application are pointed out and their advantageous properties are specified.

• MeSH
• Adjuvants, Immunologic isolation & purification   MeSH
• Bacteria chemistry   MeSH
• Fungi chemistry   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Adjuvants, Immunologic MeSH

Using the ELISA method antibodies against the sonicate, teichoic acid (TA) and exoproducts of Staphylococcus aureus were determined in sera and saliva of healthy individuals. Main serum antibodies against all the antigens used were shown to be class IgG antibodies. However, antigens of the sonicate stimulated significantly even the systemic IgA response. In the saliva class IgA antibodies predominated, but IgG antibody levels against TA and exoproducts approached the level of IgA antibodies. Levels of IgM antibodies against all antigens tested were low in both the serum and saliva which corresponds with the anamnestic type of response. On the basis of these results one may assume that not only IgG, but also IgA antibodies are important in the systemic immunity against staphylococcal infection and in the immunity of mucous membranes; besides IgA, even class IgG antibodies play an important role.

• MeSH
• Antigens, Bacterial MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Immunoglobulin A blood   metabolism   MeSH
• Immunoglobulin G blood   metabolism   MeSH
• Immunoglobulin M blood   metabolism   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Antibodies, Bacterial blood   metabolism   MeSH
• Saliva immunology   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus immunology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Antigens, Bacterial MeSH
• Immunoglobulin A MeSH
• Immunoglobulin G MeSH
• Immunoglobulin M MeSH
• Antibodies, Bacterial MeSH