More than 783 million people worldwide are currently without access to clean and safe water. Approximately 1 in 5 cases of mortality due to waterborne diseases involve children, and over 1.5 million cases of waterborne disease occur every year. In the developing world, this makes waterborne diseases the second highest cause of mortality. Such cases of waterborne disease are thought to be caused by poor sanitation, water infrastructure, public knowledge, and lack of suitable water monitoring systems. Conventional laboratory-based techniques are inadequate for effective on-site water quality monitoring purposes. This is due to their need for excessive equipment, operational complexity, lack of affordability, and long sample collection to data analysis times. In this review, we discuss the conventional techniques used in modern-day water quality testing. We discuss the future challenges of water quality testing in the developing world and how conventional techniques fall short of these challenges. Finally, we discuss the development of electrochemical biosensors and current research on the integration of these devices with microfluidic components to develop truly integrated, portable, simple to use and cost-effective devices for use by local environmental agencies, NGOs, and local communities in low-resource settings.

• Klíčová slova
• electrochemical biosensors, in-situ monitoring, low and middle-income countries (LMICs), low-resource settings, microbial pollution, point-of-care,
• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky metody   MeSH
• elektrochemické techniky metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Proteins are generally detected as biomarkers for tracing or determining various disorders in organisms. Biomarker proteins can be tracked in samples with various origins and in different concentrations, revealing whether an organism is in a healthy or unhealthy state. In regard to detection, electrochemical biosensors are a potential fusion of electronics, chemistry, and biology, allowing for fast and early point-of-care detection from a biological sample with the advantages of high sensitivity, simple construction, and easy operation. Peptides present a promising approach as a biorecognition element when connected with electrochemical biosensors. The benefits of short peptides lie mainly in their good stability and selective affinity to a target analyte. Therefore, peptide-based electrochemical biosensors (PBEBs) represent an alternative approach for the detection of different protein biomarkers. This review provides a summary of the past decade of recently proposed PBEBs designed for protein detection, dividing them according to different protein types: (i) enzyme detection, including proteases and kinases; (ii) antibody detection; and (iii) other protein detection. According to these protein types, different sensing mechanisms are discussed, such as the peptide cleavage by a proteases, phosphorylation by kinases, presence of antibodies, and exploiting of affinities; furthermore, measurements are obtained by different electrochemical methods. A discussion and comparison of various constructions, modifications, immobilization strategies and different sensing techniques in terms of high sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, and potential for practical application are presented.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomarkers, Biorecognition element, Biosensors, Electrochemistry, Peptides, Proteins,
• MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * MeSH
• elektrochemické techniky MeSH
• peptidy MeSH
• protilátky MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• peptidy MeSH
• protilátky MeSH

Here we study the analytical performance of label-free optical biosensors with respect to analyte-induced refractive index changes that can be measured by a biosensor (refractive index resolution). We present an analytical model that interrelates the refractive index resolution and the parameters of the optical platform of a biosensor. We demonstrate that the figure of merit (FOM), which has been widely used to design optical platforms of label-free optical biosensors, is not an appropriate metric to guide the design or predict the performance of label-free optical biosensors. Therefore, we propose an extended definition of FOM that addresses its limitations. We confirm the validity of the proposed approach by both numerical simulations and experiments. Finally, we show that the analytical model of the refractive index resolution not only makes it possible to predict the performance of a biosensor but also provides strategies for achieving optimal performance.

• Klíčová slova
• Figure of merit, Label-free biosensing, Optical biosensors, Plasmonics, Refractive index resolution,
• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * MeSH
• refraktometrie metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This article explores the development and application of innovative piezoelectric sensors in point-of-care diagnostics. It highlights the significance of bedside tests, such as lateral flow and electrochemical tests, in providing rapid and accurate results directly at the patient's location. This paper delves into the principles of piezoelectric assays, emphasizing their ability to detect disease-related biomarkers through mechanical stress-induced electrical signals. Various applications of piezoelectric chemosensors and biosensors are discussed, including their use in the detection of cancer biomarkers, pathogens, and other health-related analytes. This article also addresses the integration of piezoelectric materials with advanced sensing technologies to improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency, offering a comprehensive overview of current advances and future directions in medical diagnostics.

• Klíčová slova
• QCM, bedside test, blood, clinical biochemistry, diabetes, inflammation, marker, piezoelectric cantilever beam, point-of-care test, quartz crystal microbalance,
• MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * MeSH
• elektrochemické techniky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• vyšetření u lůžka MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH

Recently, cholinesterase-based biosensors are widely used for assaying anticholinergic compounds. Primarily biosensors based on enzyme inhibition are useful analytical tools for fast screening of inhibitors, such as organophosphates and carbamates. The present review is aimed at compilation of the most important facts about cholinesterase based biosensors, types of physico-chemical transduction, immobilization strategies and practical applications.

• Klíčová slova
• Applications *, biosensor *, cholinesterases *, immobilization *, transducers *,
• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky metody   MeSH
• cholinergní antagonisté analýza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• cholinesterasové inhibitory analýza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• cholinesterasy metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cholinergní antagonisté MeSH
• cholinesterasové inhibitory MeSH
• cholinesterasy MeSH

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offers attractive possibilities for many fields. In electrochemistry, 3D printing technology has been used to fabricate customized 3D-printed electrodes as a platform to develop bio/sensing, energy generation and storage devices. Here, we use a 3D-printed graphene/polylactic (PLA) electrode made by additive manufacturing technology and immobilize horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to create a direct electron transfer enzyme-based biosensors for hydrogen peroxide detection. Gold nanoparticles are included in the system to confirm and facilitate heterogeneous electron transfer. This work opens a new direction for the fabrication of third-generation electrochemical biosensors using 3D printing technology, with implications for applications in the environmental and biomedical fields.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D-printed electrodes, Direct electron transfer, Graphene/polylactic acid, Horseradish peroxidase,
• MeSH
• 3D tisk * MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * MeSH
• enzymy chemie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• grafit chemie   MeSH
• transport elektronů genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• enzymy MeSH
• grafit MeSH

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are an advanced optical biosensing technology that has been widely used in molecular biology for the investigation of biomolecular interactions and in bioanalytics for the detection of biological species. This work aims to review progress in the development of SPR biosensors for medical diagnostics, focusing mainly on advances in optical platforms and assays enabling analysis of complex biological matrices. Applications of SPR biosensors for the detection of medically relevant analytes, such as nucleic acids, proteins, exosomes, viruses, bacteria, and circulating tumor cells, are also reviewed. The detection performance of current SPR biosensors is discussed, and routes for improving performance and expanding applications of SPR biosensors in medical diagnostics are outlined.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomarker, Medical diagnostics, Optical biosensor, Plasmonic affinity biosensor, Surface plasmon resonance biosensor,
• MeSH
• Bacteria izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• design vybavení MeSH
• exozómy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory diagnóza   MeSH
• nukleové kyseliny izolace a purifikace   analýza   MeSH
• povrchová plasmonová rezonance * přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• proteiny izolace a purifikace   analýza   MeSH
• viry izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nukleové kyseliny MeSH
• proteiny MeSH

Recent trends in the development of DNA biosensors for nucleotide sequence-specific DNA hybridization and for the detection of the DNA damage are briefly reviewed. Changes in the redox signals of base residues in DNA immobilized at the surface of carbon or mercury electrodes can be used as a sign of the damage of DNA bases. Some compounds interacting with DNA can produce their own redox signals on binding to DNA. Covalently closed circular (usually supercoiled) DNA attached to the electrode surface can be used for a sensitive detection of a single break of the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone and for detection of agents cleaving the DNA backbone such as hydroxyl radicals, ionizing radiation, nucleases, etc. Using the peptide nucleic acid in the biosensor recognition layer greatly increased the specificity of the DNA hybridization biosensor making it possible to detect point mutations (single-base mismatches) in DNA.

• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * MeSH
• DNA analýza   genetika   MeSH
• hybridizace nukleových kyselin * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poškození DNA * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA MeSH

Due to high biocompatibility, miniaturization, optical transparency and low production cost together with high radiation hardness the diamond-based sensors are considered promising for radiation medicine and biomedicine in general. Here we present detection of fibroblast cell culture properties by nanocrystalline diamond solution-gated field-effect transistors (SG-FET), including effects of gamma irradiation. We show that blank nanocrystalline diamond field-effect biosensors are stable at least up to 300 Gy of γ irradiation. On the other hand, gate current of the diamond SG-FET biosensors with fibroblastic cells increases exponentially over an order of magnitude with increasing radiation dose. Extracellular matrix (ECM) formation is also detected and analyzed by correlation of electronic sensor data with optical, atomic force, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopies.

• Klíčová slova
• Atomic force microscopy, Biosensors, Cells, Diamond thin films, Field-effect transistors, Gamma irradiation, Proteins,
• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * MeSH
• diamant * MeSH
• extracelulární matrix MeSH
• fibroblasty MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• diamant * MeSH

The need for biosensors has evolved in the detection of molecules, diseases, and pollution from various sources. This requirement has headed to the development of accurate and powerful equipment for analysis using biological sensing component as a biosensor. Biosensors have the advantage of rapid detection that can beat the conventional methods for the detection of the same molecules. Bio-chemiluminescence-based sensors are very sensitive during use in biological immune assay systems. Optical biosensors are emerging with time as they have the advantage that they act with a change in the refractive index. Carbon nanotube-based sensors are another area that has an important role in the biosensor field. Bioluminescence gives much higher quantum yields than classical chemiluminescence. Electro-generated bioluminescence has the advantage of miniature size and can produce a high signal-to-noise ratio and the controlled emission. Recent advances in biological techniques and instrumentation involving fluorescence tag to nanomaterials have increased the sensitivity limit of biosensors. Integrated approaches provided a better perspective for developing specific and sensitive biosensors with high regenerative potentials. This paper mainly focuses on sensors that are important for the detection of multiple molecules related to clinical and environmental applications. KEY POINTS: • The review focusses on the applications of luminescence-based, surface plasmon resonance-based, carbon nanotube-based, and graphene-based biosensors • Potential clinical, environmental, agricultural, and food industry applications/uses of biosensors have been critically reviewed • The current limitations in this field are discussed, as well as the prospects for future advancement.

• Klíčová slova
• Agriculture and food industry, Bio-chemiluminescence, Biosensors, Carbon nanotubes, Diseases, Environmental application, Graphene, Pollution,
• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * MeSH
• grafit * MeSH
• luminiscence MeSH
• nanotrubičky uhlíkové * MeSH
• povrchová plasmonová rezonance MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• grafit * MeSH
• nanotrubičky uhlíkové * MeSH