AIM: Overactivation of the IL-33/IL-13 axis is the main step in initializing allergic inflammation and promoting allergic diseases. Data on viral pathogens as risk factors for subsequent allergic disease are contradictory. The strongest associations have been made between upper respiratory tract virus infections and asthma. Intestinal viral infections also activate IL-33 and IL-13 as part of the innate antiviral response. The aim of this study was to test whether there are differences in IL-13 and IL-33 concentrations in pediatric patients with acute rotavirus- and norovirus infections and healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty children with acute rotavirus, 27 with acute norovirus intestinal infections and 17 control children were enrolled in this study. Blood IL-33 and IL-13 detection was performed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). RESULTS: Acute rotavirus infection caused a significant elevation in IL-33 and IL-13 compared to acute norovirus infection (63.85 pg/ml vs. 0, P = 0.0026, and 94.24 pg/ml vs. 0.88 pg/ml, P = 0.0003, respectively) and healthy controls (63.85 pg/ml vs. 9.89 pg/ ml, P = 0.0018, and 94.24 pg/ml vs. 0.14 pg/ml, P < 0.0001, respectively). There was no significant difference in IL-33 and IL-13 concentrations between the acute norovirus group and healthy controls (0 vs. 9.89 pg/ml, P = 0.8276 and 0.88 pg/ml vs. 0.14 pg/ml, P = 0.1652, respectively). CONCLUSION: Acute rotavirus infection causes a significant elevation in IL-33 and IL-13, compared to norovirus and healthy control children.

• Klíčová slova
• Norovirus, Rotavirus, interleukin-13, interleukin-33,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• feces MeSH
• gastroenteritida * diagnóza   MeSH
• infekce viry z čeledi Caliciviridae * diagnóza   MeSH
• interleukin 33 MeSH
• interleukin-13 MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Norovirus * MeSH
• rotavirové infekce * diagnóza   MeSH
• Rotavirus * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• IL13 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• IL33 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• interleukin 33 MeSH
• interleukin-13 MeSH

The article describes a case of a rare infection caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in a five-year-old boy admitted to the hospital. The infection was manifested by the so-called right lower quadrant syndrome, or terminal ileitis. The Y. pseudotuberculosis strain was isolated from the patient's feces and its biochemical properties are reported. Confirmation was performed by the National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella. Since pseudotuberculosis is very rare in the Czech Republic, the authors would like to draw attention to this infection. Enlargement of lymph nodes in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen may suggest the infection caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis.

• MeSH
• Escherichia coli MeSH
• feces MeSH
• gastroenteritida * diagnóza   MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Yersinia pseudotuberculosis * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Yersinia pseudotuberculosis * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

The aim of this work is to study the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella and Shigella at the largest Bulgarian hospital-University Hospital "St. George," Plovdiv-for the period 2009-2013. Two hundred ninety strains were in vitro tested for resistance to 15 antimicrobial agents. The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) was demonstrated by a variety of specialized tests. For comparison, a collection of 28 strains submitted by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) "Enteric Infections" at the National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, was also tested for the production of ESBLs. In isolates, phenotypically demonstrated as ESBL producers, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the genes bla-CTX-M, bla-SHV, and bla-TEM was performed. Among the 290 tested isolates, only two- Salmonella serotype Livingstone and Shigella flexneri-were phenotypically proven to be ESBL producers. Only 4 strains from the collection of 28, submitted from the NRL "Intestinal Infections" in NCIPD, Sofia, were phenotypically confirmed as ESBL producers. The presence of the bla-CTX-M gene was detected in all of the tested strains (4 from NRL, NCIPD, Sofia, and 2 from the University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv), the bla-SHV gene only in strain S. Livingstone from Plovdiv, and the bla-TEM gene in two from Sofia and one (again S. Livingstone) from Plovdiv. In conclusion, Salmonella and Shigella isolates from patients hospitalized at the University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, with acute gastroenteritis demonstrate good susceptibility to the most commonly used antibiotic agents, including azithromycin.

• Klíčová slova
• Antimicrobial resistance, ESBL, PCR, Salmonella, Shigella,
• MeSH
• akutní nemoc MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bacilární dyzentérie diagnóza   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• gastroenteritida diagnóza   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nemocnice univerzitní MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Salmonella účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• salmonelóza diagnóza   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Shigella účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bulharsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• beta-laktamasy MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH

PURPOSE: Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases in humans worldwide and represents a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. The majority of cases are of viral aetiology, evidence for which has been increasing in the past decade. Several studies on the prevalence in European countries of viral aetiology of gastroenteritis have been published in the last decade, but none from the Czech Republic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In total 107 faeces samples obtained from patients hospitalised in the University Hospital in Hradec Králové were examined by immunochromatographic tests using ROTA-ADENO Card Rapid-Viditest (VIDIA, Czech Republic) and RidaQuick Norovirus (R-Biopharm, Germany), and by an in-house Real-time PCR panel. RESULTS: Overall findings of viruses detected by PCR in the tested faeces samples were: rotaviruses in 29.9%, noroviruses in 14.0% and adenoviruses in 5.0%. Immunochromatographic antigen detection performed at lower sensitivity compared with PCR: rotaviruses in 28.0%, noroviruses in 4.7% and adenoviruses in 2.0%. Our findings demonstrate even lower sensitivity of the used immunochromatographic tests compared with manufacturers data. CONCLUSION: Our study has revealed limitations in immunochromatographic tests, especially in their sensitivity and the necessity for using another confirmatory method. We have set up real-time PCR in routine diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis in our hospital.

• MeSH
• adenovirové infekce lidí diagnóza   MeSH
• chromatografie afinitní MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• gastroenteritida diagnóza   MeSH
• infekce viry z čeledi Caliciviridae diagnóza   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Norovirus MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• rotavirové infekce diagnóza   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• virové nemoci diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The Cryptosporidium hedgehog genotype, which has been reported previously in hedgehogs and horses, was identified as the cause of the diarrheal disease cryptosporidiosis in an immunocompetent man in the Czech Republic. This is the first report of human illness caused by the Cryptosporidium hedgehog genotype.

• MeSH
• Cryptosporidium klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• gastroenteritida diagnóza   parazitologie   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• geny rRNA MeSH
• kryptosporidióza diagnóza   parazitologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• protozoální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• protozoální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA protozoální genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protozoální DNA MeSH
• protozoální proteiny MeSH
• ribozomální DNA MeSH
• RNA protozoální MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S MeSH

Our study has been aimed at demonstrating the main role of viruses in the aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in children less than 5 years old and at pointing out the diagnostic potential of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis. A prospective study was conducted to analyse the aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases in children less than 5 years of age admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases between September 2006 and December 2008. All children were tested by faecal culture, latex agglutination and electron microscopy. A total of 832 children were included in the study. An aetiological agent was detected in 788 children (94.6 %). A bacterial aetiology was found in 22 (2.6 %) children and bacterial-viral co-infection was found in 146 (17.6 %) patients. The most frequent causative agents of gastroenteritis in children were viruses, which were detected in 620 (74.5 %) patients. The main causes of viral gastroenteritis were rotaviruses (detected in 410 children), followed by caliciviruses (42), coronaviruses (28), adenoviruses (19) and astroviruses (14). Dual viral infections were detected in 107 children, with rotavirus-calicivirus co-infection being the most common. Electron microscopy proved to be a more sensitive method in comparison with the latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of rotaviruses and adenoviruses. The major role of viruses in diarrhoeal diseases among children under 5 years of age in the Czech Republic has been confirmed. The diagnostic potential of electron microscopy, particularly in small outbreaks of gastroenteritis, was clearly shown.

• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce diagnóza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• elektronová mikroskopie metody   MeSH
• feces virologie   MeSH
• gastroenteritida diagnóza   virologie   MeSH
• klinické laboratorní techniky metody   MeSH
• koinfekce diagnóza   mikrobiologie   virologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• latex fixační testy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• virologie metody   MeSH
• virové nemoci diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The causative agents of viral gastroenteritis belong to generally little known pathogens. But according to some studies, these viruses make up a considerable proportion of agents causing diarrhea in children and adults. In this review, the authors focused on both relatively known pathogens such as adenoviruses, rotaviruses or caliciviruses and not so well known or newly recognized viral gastroenteritis pathogens like toroviruses, astroviruses, bocaviruses or parechoviruses. The first part of this review is concerned with basic information about each etiological agent. The second one deals with their detection and identification. The last part is about therapy and prophylaxis of viral pathogens.

• MeSH
• gastroenteritida diagnóza   terapie   virologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

AIM: The aim of the study is to evaluate faecal calprotectin (f-CP) in children ≤3 years of age with acute gastroenteritis (AG) as an early predictor of bacterial inflammation. METHODS: We prospectively analysed f-CP levels and diagnostic workup in 107 consecutive children (66 AG, 41 controls). RESULTS: Children with bacterial AG (BAG) was found to have higher diarrheal frequency (p < 0.01), fever (p < 0.01), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p < 0.001), white blood count (p < 0.01) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p < 0.001) compared with viral AG (VAG). Vomiting was frequent in VAG (p < 0.001). f-CP negatively correlated with age in controls (r = -0.5998). BAG demonstrated significantly higher f-CP levels [median, 219 μg/g, interquartile range (IQR): 119-350.2] compared with VAG (49.3 μg/g, IQR: 8.8-131.1) as well as controls (26.5 μg/g, IQR: 14.9-55.1) (p < 0.001). VAG and control f-CP levels were similar. f-CP was the best-rated marker of BAG with a diagnostic accuracy of 92%. Receiver-operator characteristic analysis revealed an area under curve of 0.95 for identifying BAG; sensitivity and specificity of f-CP were 93% and 88%, respectively, at an adjusted cut-off point of 103.9 μg/g faeces. Combined f-CP and CRP yield improved diagnostic accuracy of 94% for BAG. CONCLUSION: f-CP facilitates early discrimination between bacterial and viral causes of AG in young children. Combining f-CP with CRP increases the diagnostic power of diagnosing BAG.

• MeSH
• akutní nemoc MeSH
• bakteriální infekce diagnóza   MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• feces chemie   MeSH
• gastroenteritida diagnóza   mikrobiologie   virologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• leukocytární L1-antigenní komplex metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• průjem etiologie   MeSH
• ROC křivka MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• virové nemoci diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• leukocytární L1-antigenní komplex MeSH

BACKGROUND: Norovirus-associated sporadic gastroenteritis is an important cause of illness in Western Europe. However, at present, little information on the role of norovirus in sporadic gastroenteritis in Central Europe is available. Our study aimed at providing an assessment of their significance in hospitalized children and adolescents with acute gastroenteritis using ELISA test at the time of their introduction. METHODS: A prospective hospital based study of the etiology of acute gastroenteritis was undertaken in a total of 618 patients (mean age 39.8 months, range 0-228), who were hospitalized at the Charles University Hospital in Pilsen. All subjects were monitored in six fragmented periods during the years 2003 and 2004, 2006 and 2007. Clinical and laboratory data were processed, norovirus antigens in stools were detected using the EIA kits IDEIA Norovirus, DakoCytomation. RESULTS: A norovirus infection was confirmed in 62 cases, i.e., 10.0% of all patients with acute gastroenteritis. Vomiting was the most common symptom, recorded in 95.2 % of all the patients with norovirus infection. No severe extragastrointestinal complications were detected. The average interval between initial symptoms and the beginning of hospitalization was considerably shorter in patients with norovirus infection (1.3 days) compared with patients with rotavirus infections (2.4 days). The frequency of Salmonella spp., rotavirus, Campylobacter spp. and enteric adenovirus was 15.4%, 11.2%, 3.9%, 3.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the clinical importance of noroviruses as a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in children and teenagers in the region of a Central European country. Identification of norovirus infection should be included in the routine screenings of sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis.

• MeSH
• akutní nemoc MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• gastroenteritida diagnóza   epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• infekce viry z čeledi Caliciviridae diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• Norovirus * MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

UNLABELLED: PURPOSE OF THE TRIAL: To establish the involvement of viruses in the aetiology of diarrhoeal disorders in children, the incidence of individual viruses in various age groups and in different seasons, the impact of the aetiological agent on the clinical picture, the severity of the disorder, therapy and duration of hospital stay. The significance of intestinal viruses as nosocomial pathogens,a comparison of the sensitivity of latex agglutination and electron microscopy in the diagnosis of rotaviruses and adenoviruses. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 496 children, aged 3 weeks to 15 years, admitted in 2002 to the 1st Dpt of Infectious Diseases of the Bulovka Teaching Hospital with a diarrhoeal disorder, were examined to establish the aetiology of their complaint. All the children had the usual faecies culture and a culture of Campylobacter jejuni; direct electron microscopy was used for the demonstration of viruses. Additionally, latex agglutination was used in the investigation of rotaviruses and adenoviruses. In indicated cases the stools were also investigated for the presence of Clostridium difficile and of parasites. RESULTS: Viruses were the most frequent cause of diarrhoeal diseases in children. Some type of virus was found in 413 children (83.26 % of the patients). Pure bacterial aetiology was seen in 35 children (7.05 %), pure viral aetiology in 381 children (66.73 %). A mixed infection, due to a combination of a bacterium and a virus, was found in 82 subjects (16.53 %), in 45 children (9.07 %) the aetiology of the disease could not be established. Rotaviruses, the most frequent infectious agent, were found in 300 children (6.48 %), caliciviruses in 68 (13.7 %), adenoviruses in 63 (12.7 %), coronaviruses in 39 (7.86 %), astroviruses only in 2 children (0.40 %). Children aged 1 to 5 years were the age group most affected by all the viral agents. The incidence of all the viruses, with the exception of coronaviruses, was highest in the cold seasons, the highest incidence of rotaviruses was in April. The most severe course of the disease was seen in rotaviral infections; 74.07 % of the children presenting with rotaviral gastroenteritis required rehydration, either i.v. or with a nasogastric tube. The longest hospital stay (5.29 days) was with adenoviruses. Nosocomial infections caused by rotaviruses were found in 5 cases-they substantially prolonged the mean time of hospital stay (13 days). Electron microscopy proved more sensitive than latex agglutination in the diagnosis of rotaviruses and adenoviruses. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our trial confirmed the key role of viruses in the aetiology of diarrhoeal disorders in children in the Czech Republic. Given their frequently severe course, especially in the case of rotaviral infections, it is advisable to launch regular vaccinations against rotaviruses, once the new vaccine is on the market. It would also be appropriate to improve the diagnosis of rotaviruses and their reporting in the Czech Republic and, last but not least, to apply-at least on a limited scale-modern procedures, i.e. molecular-genetic methods, in the diagnosis of viral intestinal disorders.

• MeSH
• Bacteria izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• bakteriální infekce diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• gastroenteritida diagnóza   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   virologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• průjem virologie   MeSH
• virové nemoci diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• viry izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH