The cultivation and investigation of strictly anaerobic microorganisms belong to the fields of anaerobic microbial physiology, microbiology, and biotechnology. Anaerobic cultivation methods differ from classic microbiological techniques in several aspects. The requirement for special instruments, which are designed to prevent the contact of the specimen with air/molecular oxygen by different means of manipulation, makes this field more challenging for general research compared to working with aerobic microorganisms. Anaerobic microbiological methods are required for many purposes, such as for the isolation and characterization of new species and their physiological examination, as well as for anaerobic biotechnological applications or medical indications. This review presents the historical development of methods for the cultivation of strictly anaerobic microorganisms focusing on methanogenic archaea, anaerobic cultivation methods that are still widely used today, novel methods for anaerobic cultivation, and almost forgotten, but still relevant, techniques.

• Klíčová slova
• anaerobes, biogas, cultivation methods, methane, methanogens,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

In vitro culturability of Murman strain of Tuleniy flavivirus isolated recently in the northern regions of the USSR was studied. Stable PS pig kidney line was found suitable as a primary sensitive cell substrate for the isolation, proliferation and serial propagation of the virus. The pronounced pathogenicity of the virus to PS cells permits the testing of its infective activity comparable with i.c. titrations on mice, VNT in vitro and the plaquing technique. PS line is suitable for the demonstration and identification of the virus antigen and/or for the study of reproduction of the virus on cellular level using the technique of immunofluorescence.

• MeSH
• antigeny virové analýza   MeSH
• arboviry růst a vývoj   imunologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
• kultivace virů * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny virové MeSH

In terms of the number and diversity of living units, the prokaryotic empire is the most represented form of life on Earth, and yet it is still to a significant degree shrouded in darkness. This microbial "dark matter" hides a great deal of potential in terms of phylogenetically or metabolically diverse microorganisms, and thus it is important to acquire them in pure culture. However, do we know what microorganisms really need for their growth, and what the obstacles are to the cultivation of previously unidentified taxa? Here we review common and sometimes unexpected requirements of environmental microorganisms, especially soil-harbored bacteria, needed for their replication and cultivation. These requirements include resuscitation stimuli, physical and chemical factors aiding cultivation, growth factors, and co-cultivation in a laboratory and natural microbial neighborhood.

• Klíčová slova
• VBNC, cultivation techniques, difficult-to-culture microorganisms, dormancy, environmental microbiome, growth factors, improved cultivation, microbial ecology,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Psilocybe cubensis, a widely recognized psychoactive mushroom species, has played a significant role in both historical and modern therapeutic practices. This review explores the complex interplay between genetic diversity, strain variability and environmental factors that shape the biosynthesis of key psychoactive compounds, including psilocybin and psilocin. With many strains exhibiting substantial variability in their phenotypic characteristics and biochemical content, understanding and documenting this diversity is crucial for optimizing therapeutic applications. The review also highlights advances in cultivation techniques, such as submerged fermentation of the mycelium, and innovative analytical methodologies that have improved the precision of compound quantification and extraction. Although there is limited scientific information on P. cubensis due to nearly four decades of regulatory restrictions on psychedelic research, recent developments in genetic and biochemical studies are beginning to provide valuable insights into its therapeutic potential. Furthermore, this review emphasizes key knowledge gaps and offers insights into future research directions to advance the cultivation, scientific documentation of strain diversity, regulatory considerations and therapeutic use of P. cubensis.

• Klíčová slova
• Psilocybe, fungi, genetics, mushroom, mycelium, psilocin, psilocybin, psychoactive,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Desalination of cheese whey by electrodialysis yields saline wastewater (SWW). The goal was to test this as the basis of a culture medium and to prove experimentally the concept that it was a suitable resource for heterotrophic cultivation of the freshwater green microalga Chlorella vulgaris. RESULTS: Optimization of glucose concentration, nitrogen source and medium salinity for microalgal growth was first carried out in defined medium (DM) and shake flasks. These results were then adopted in shake flask cultivation experiments using pre-treated SWW medium (PSWW). Subsequently, microalgal growth under optimized conditions was tested in bioreactors. Various media such as DM, PSWW and diluted PSWW (DPSWW) were compared. Volumetric biomass productivities decreased in the order DM (0.371 g L-1 h-1, urea) > DPSWW (0.315 g L-1 h-1, soy peptone) > PSWW (0.152 g L-1 h-1, soy peptone). Although biomass productivities in DPSWW and PSWW media were significantly lower than in DM, these media required the addition of only 66 and 33% of DM N sources, respectively. No other added DM component was necessary in (D)PSWW to achieve microalgal growth. CONCLUSIONS: Although the optimized cultivation of freshwater microalgae on alternative medium based on SWW resulted in biomass productivities lower than those on DM, the required addition of N sources was also lower. Potentially lower production costs of Chlorella biomass and the meaningful use of SWW are the main outcomes of this work.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomass, Bioreactor, Chlorella vulgaris, Cultivation, Saline waste water,
• MeSH
• Chlorella vulgaris růst a vývoj   MeSH
• heterotrofní procesy MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   MeSH
• odpadní voda chemie   MeSH
• salinita MeSH
• sýr MeSH
• syrovátka chemie   MeSH
• techniky vsádkové kultivace MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kultivační média MeSH
• odpadní voda MeSH

• MeSH
• adsorpce MeSH
• cytopatogenní efekt virový MeSH
• hemaglutinační testy MeSH
• Hepatovirus * MeSH
• kultivace virů MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neutralizační testy MeSH
• Orthomyxoviridae MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• tvorba protilátek MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Marine actinomycetes from the genus Salinispora have an unexploited biotechnological potential. To accurately estimate their application potential however, data on their cultivation, including biomass growth kinetics, are needed but only incomplete information is currently available. RESULTS: This work provides some insight into the effect of temperature, salinity, nitrogen source, glucose concentration and oxygen supply on growth rate, biomass productivity and yield of Salinispora tropica CBN-440T. The experiments were carried out in unbaffled shake flasks and agitated laboratory-scale bioreactors. The results show that the optimum growth temperature lies within the range 28-30 °C, salinity is close to sea water and the initial glucose concentration is around 10 g/L. Among tested nitrogen sources, yeast extract and soy peptone proved to be the most suitable. The change from unbaffled to baffled flasks increased the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) as did the use of agitated bioreactors. The highest specific growth rate (0.0986 h-1) and biomass productivity (1.11 g/L/day) were obtained at kLa = 28.3 h-1. A further increase in kLa was achieved by increasing stirrer speed, but this led to a deterioration in kinetic parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement of S. tropica biomass growth kinetics of was achieved mainly by identifying the most suitable nitrogen sources and optimizing kLa in baffled flasks and agitated bioreactors.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomass growth kinetics, Flask and bioreactor cultivation, Nitrogen sources, Salinispora tropica,
• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• bioreaktory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• dusík metabolismus   MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   MeSH
• kyslík metabolismus   MeSH
• mechanické jevy MeSH
• Micromonosporaceae růst a vývoj   MeSH
• salinita MeSH
• techniky vsádkové kultivace metody   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusík MeSH
• glukosa MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• kyslík MeSH

• MeSH
• antigeny virové analýza   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• cytopatogenní efekt virový MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
• kultivace virů * MeSH
• kultivační techniky MeSH
• kuřecí embryo MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plíce embryologie   MeSH
• virus vztekliny imunologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kuřecí embryo MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny virové MeSH

BACKGROUND: Leukemia is driven by complex interactions within the inherently hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment, impacting both disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Co-cultivation of leukemic cells with feeder cells has emerged as a valuable tool to mimic the bone marrow niche. This study explores the interplay between human commercial SD-1 and patient-derived UPF26K leukemic cell lines with feeders - human fibroblasts (NHDF) and mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. RESULTS: Co-cultivation with feeders significantly enhances proliferation and glycolytic activity in the SD-1 cells, improving their viability, while this interaction inhibits the growth and glucose metabolism of the feeders, particularly NHDF. In contrast, UPF26K cells show reduced proliferation when co-cultivated with the feeders while this interaction stimulates NHDF and hMSCs proliferation and glycolysis but reduce their mitochondrial metabolism with hypoxia amplifying these effects. CONCLUSIONS: Cells that switch to glycolysis during co-cultivation, particularly under hypoxia, benefit most from these low oxygen conditions. Due to this leukemic cells' response heterogeneity, targeting microenvironmental interactions and oxygen levels is crucial for personalized leukemia therapy. Advancing co-cultivation models, particularly through innovations like spheroids, can further enhance in vitro studies of primary leukemic cells and support the testing of novel therapies.

• Klíčová slova
• Co-cultivation, Feeders, Hypoxia, Leukemic cells, Tumor microenvironment,
• MeSH
• fibroblasty * metabolismus   MeSH
• glykolýza MeSH
• hypoxie buňky MeSH
• kokultivační techniky metody   MeSH
• leukemie * patologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky * metabolismus   MeSH
• mitochondrie metabolismus   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádorové mikroprostředí MeSH
• proliferace buněk MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Various culture media have been proposed for the isolation and selective enumeration of bifidobacteria. Mupirocin is widely used as a selective factor along with glacial acetic acid. TOS (transgalactosylated oligosaccharides) medium supplemented with mupirocin is recommended by the International Dairy Federation for the detection of bifidobacteria in fermented milk products. Mupirocin media with acetic acid are also reliable for intestinal samples in which bifidobacteria predominate. However, for complex samples containing more diverse microbiota, the selectivity of mupirocin media is limited. Resistance to mupirocin has been demonstrated by many anaerobic bacteria, especially clostridia. The objective was to identify an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of clostridia and allows the growth of bifidobacteria, and to use the identified substance to develop a selective cultivation medium for bifidobacteria. The susceptibility of bifidobacteria and clostridia to 12 antibiotics was tested on agar using the disk diffusion method. Only norfloxacin inhibited the growth of clostridia and did not affect the growth of bifidobacteria. Using both pure cultures and faecal samples from infants, adults, calves, lambs, and piglets, the optimal concentration of norfloxacin in solid cultivation media was determined to be 200 mg/L. Our results showed that solid medium containing norfloxacin (200 mg/L) in combination with mupirocin (100 mg/L) and glacial acetic acid (1 mL/L) is suitable for the enumeration and isolation of bifidobacteria from faecal samples of different origins.

• Klíčová slova
• Antibiotics, Bifidobacteria, Clostridia, Cultivation media, Mupirocin, Norfloxacin,
• MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky metody   MeSH
• Bifidobacterium růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   MeSH
• kyselina octová metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lodě MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mupirocin metabolismus   MeSH
• norfloxacin metabolismus   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kultivační média MeSH
• kyselina octová MeSH
• mupirocin MeSH
• norfloxacin MeSH