Energy transition Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Both the global and European energy sectors have been undergoing a deep transition for several years, associated with a reduction in the overall share of conventional coal-based energy in favor of new technologies, especially energy from renewable sources (RES). This transition is moving from centralized production towards distributed technologies and from providing only energy to end users towards combining innovative products and services with it. Electricity consumers are becoming prosumers connected to the grid and generating an increasing amount of energy. The original goal of decision-makers was to stop global warming and improve air quality. After Russia's aggression of Ukraine in 2022, the EU transition efforts accelerated, and concerns about the climate were joined by issues related to energy security. After the painful experiences of the last several months, Europe wants to become independent from energy raw materials and their unstable suppliers as soon as possible, securing markets against price fluctuations, blackmail and unfair practices of some sellers. The aim of the article is to describe the current situation of energy and heat production from RES in selected countries in the aspect of contemporary energy transition (ET) processes. The achievement of the goal made it possible to present the European RES market in 2022, discuss the actions taken by European countries towards decarbonization and propose recommendations for the further development of the renewable energy market. The ET in Europe has been going on for over a dozen years, although there are countries, such as Norway, that use almost 100 % of renewable energy, as well as those that still largely use conventional fuels, such as Poland. In European countries, the energy mix of renewable energy, energy storage and green hydrogen should be developed. Green hydrogen produced in the electrolysis process from surplus renewable energy is an energy carrier with versatile applications both in the energy sector and in European industry.
- Klíčová slova
- Decarbonization, Energy transition, Europe, Green hydrogen, Renewable energy,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- COVID‐19, emerging opportunities, energy, energy efficiency pros and cons, pandemic and post‐pandemic,
- Publikační typ
- úvodníky MeSH
The world is turning to renewable energy sources to combat environmental degradation. This is part of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-7, which envisions affordable and clean energy. However, achieving the SDG-7 targets and spreading clean energy requires extracting and utilizing various minerals. Russia is one of the leading countries in the world in terms of cobalt, graphite, and rare elements used for renewable energy production. Russia must increase the production of minerals for renewable energy production to achieve SDG-7. In this context, the study aims to investigate the impact of energy policy uncertainty (ENPU), environmental policy stringency (EPS), environmental patents (ETEC), and information and communication technologies (ICT) on renewable energy minerals in Russia. To this end, the study uses novel multivariate quantile-on-quantile regression (M-QQR) and cross-quantilogram (CQ) approaches for the period from 2002m9-2020m12. The M-QQR results show that EPS, ICT, and ETEC increase the extraction of renewable energy minerals, while ENPU inhibits the extraction of cobalt, graphite, and rare elements. The main results indicate that technological progress supports the extraction of renewable energy minerals in Russia and that a strict environmental fiscal policy contributes to the achievement of SDG-7. Based on the findings, Russia needs to support technological progress in the ecological field, implement strict environmental policies, and reduce uncertainties related to energy policies to extract renewable energy minerals and advance the achievement of SDG-7.
- Klíčová slova
- Energy policy uncertainty, Energy transition, Environmental policy stringency, Environmental technologies, ICT,
- MeSH
- environmentální politika MeSH
- minerály * MeSH
- obnovitelná energie * MeSH
- trvale udržitelný rozvoj MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Rusko MeSH
- Názvy látek
- minerály * MeSH
Geothermal energy is a promising renewable energy source that has been developed by many countries in recent years. It can be utilised to meet various energy demand. This paper studies the performance of integrating geothermal energy in the Locally Integrated Energy Sector (LIES). The heating and cooling demand of various processes should be satisfied, and heat among processes should be recovered. This is done by using Grand Composite Curves and Total Site Profiles to visually illustrate how much load is required for utility systems. The geothermal utility system and steam utility system are compared. The integration plan for geothermal energy under different temperatures are studied. An illustrative case shows that by using this type of renewable energy under a specific and favourable condition, above 70% of steam utility load can be saved. The working cycle of using a geothermal utility system is studied by using the Time Slice model. The heat recovery plan for normal operation, mineral scaling, and cleaning periods are optimised. The minimum temperature for heat storage can also be identified.
- Klíčová slova
- Geothermal energy, Locally integrated energy sector, Process integration, Time slice, Total site heat integration,
- MeSH
- geotermální energie * MeSH
- nízká teplota MeSH
- vysoká teplota MeSH
- vytápění MeSH
- změna skupenství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
2D oxide nanomaterials constitute a broad range of materials, with a wide array of current and potential applications, particularly in the fields of energy storage and catalysis for sustainable energy production. Despite the many similarities in structure, composition, and synthetic methods and uses, the current literature on layered oxides is diverse and disconnected. A number of reviews can be found in the literature, but they are mostly focused on one of the particular subclasses of 2D oxides. This review attempts to bridge the knowledge gap between individual layered oxide types by summarizing recent developments in all important 2D oxide systems including supported ultrathin oxide films, layered clays and double hydroxides, layered perovskites, and novel 2D-zeolite-based materials. Particular attention is paid to the underlying similarities and differences between the various materials, and the subsequent challenges faced by each research community. The potential of layered oxides toward future applications is critically evaluated, especially in the areas of electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, biomass conversion, and fine chemical synthesis. Attention is also paid to corresponding novel 3D materials that can be obtained via sophisticated engineering of 2D oxides.
- Klíčová slova
- 2D catalysts, 2D zeolites, energy transitions, environmentally friendly catalysis, layered oxides,
- MeSH
- katalýza MeSH
- nanostruktury chemie MeSH
- oxidy chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- oxidy MeSH
The history of volume phase transition of responsive gels from its theoretical prediction to experimental discovery was described and the major role of mixing Gibbs energy function in theoretical models was stressed. For detailed analysis and fine tuning of the volume phase transition, the generalized Flory-Huggins model with concentration and temperature dependent interaction function coupled with Maxwell construction as a tool is very suitable. Application of expansive stresses can uncover the potential of various swelling gels for volume phase transition. Experimentally, the abrupt, equilibrium-controlled phase transition is often hard to achieve due to passage of gel through states of mechanical instability and slow relaxation processes in macroscopic objects.
- Klíčová slova
- Gibbs energy, cross-linking, gel, phase separation, polymer network, stimuli-responsive, swelling, volume phase transition,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The principal difference between the small punch (SP) testing technique and standardized impact testing lies in the fact that the SP tests carried out in accordance with CWA 15627 Small Punch Test Method for Metallic Materials use disc-shaped test specimens without a notch. Especially in tough materials, the temperature dependence of SP fracture energy ESP in the transition area is very steep and lies close to the temperature of liquid nitrogen. In this case, the determination of SP transition temperature TSP can lead to significant errors in its determination. Efforts to move the transition area of penetration testing closer to the transition area of standardized impact tests led to the proposal of the notched disc specimen 8 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm in thickness with a "U" shaped notch 0.2 mm deep in the axis plane of the disc. The paper summarizes the results obtained to date when determining the transition temperature of SP tests TSP, determined according to CWA 15627 for material of pipes made of P92, P22, and a heat treated 14MoV6-3 steel in the as delivered state. Although the results obtained confirmed the results of other works in that the presence of a notch in a SP disc is insufficient to increase the transition temperature significantly and certainly not to the values obtained by Charpy testing, comparison of the different behaviors of the alloys tested reveals some evidence that the notch reduces the energy for initiation. This implies that the test on a notched disc is more a test of crack growth and would be a useful instrument if included in the forthcoming EU standard for SP testing.
We develop a novel approach to analysing decarbonisation strategies by linking global resource inventories with demographic systems. Our 'mine-town systems' approach establishes an empirical basis for examining the spatial extent of the transition and demographic effects of changing energy systems. The research highlights an urgent need for targeted macro-level planning as global markets see a decline in thermal coal and a ramp up of other mining commodities. Our findings suggest that ramping up energy transition metals (ETM) could be more disruptive to demographic systems than ramping down coal. The data shows asymmetry in the distribution of risks: mine-town systems within the United States are most sensitive to coal phase-out, while systems in Australia and Canada are most sensitive to ETM phase-in. A complete phase-out of coal could disrupt demographic systems with a minimum of 33.5 million people, and another 115.7 million people if all available ETM projects enter production.
Microgrids are power distribution systems that can operate either in a grid-connected configuration or in an islanded manner, depending on the availability of decentralized power resources, such as sustainable or non-sustainable power sources, battery backup systems, and power demands. The extensive adoption of inverter-based systems poses numerous technological challenges, necessitating a centralized management system to assure the system reliability and monitoring of the energy delivery networks. Thus, this research begins by highlighting these significant obstacles and then analyzes the present-day advances in multilevel control architecture for delivering on promised functionality. This article also discusses the development of innovative control technologies, such as introducing collaborative distributed approaches and reducing conventional three-stage patriarchal administration to fewer stages of system integration and functioning.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
As a new member in two-dimensional materials family, transition metal carbides (TMCs) have many excellent properties, such as chemical stability, in-plane anisotropy, high conductivity and flexibility, and remarkable energy conversation efficiency, which predispose them for promising applications as transparent electrode, flexible electronics, broadband photodetectors and battery electrodes. However, up to now, their device applications are in the early stage, especially because their controllable synthesis is still a great challenge. This review systematically summarized the state-of-the-art research in this rapidly developing field with particular focus on structure, property, synthesis and applicability of TMCs. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are outlined for the application of 2D TMCs.
- Klíčová slova
- Energy conversation and storage, Large-scale synthesis, Phase diagram, Superconductivity, Two-dimensional transition metal carbides,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
