Hybrid energy systems have been widely used for residential and industrial purposes. In this system, the total energy requirement of each unit can be met with heat and electricity. Pinch Analysis becomes a widely used tool for Process Integration, and using Pinch Analysis for Heat Integration is well-established. However, for the combined heat and power system, the theory and the corresponding tool deserve some more development. This paper extended the Pinch Analysis concept and proposed a Heat and Power Pinch Analysis to target the amount of heat that should be recovered from the hybrid energy system. Heat and Power Composite Curve (HPCC) is developed to visualise the total energy and the separated heat and power (electricity) requirement of a hybrid energy system in a working time period. The amount of outsourced electricity that should be purchased, and stored electricity at the startup period, and the extra electricity generated by the system at the end of the working period can be demonstrated. A case is studied to illustrate the steps of using this tool, two scenarios are discussed, and the targets are shown.
- Keywords
- Heat and Power Composite Curve (HPCC), Heat and Power Pinch Analysis (HPPA), Hybrid energy system, Process Integration, Targeting,
- MeSH
- Electricity * MeSH
- Hot Temperature * MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Tumors of infectious origin globally represent 13%. Oncogenic DNA viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are responsible for approximately 60% of these tumors. These oncoviruses are extensively studied to understand their role in cancer development, particularly through viral genome integration into the host DNA. Retroviruses require integration mediated by viral integrase for persistence, whereas DNA oncoviruses do not need integration for replication; instead, integration occurs incidentally. This process often targets fragile sites in the human genome, causing structural rearrangements that disrupt genes, activate proto-oncogenes, and increase genomic instability, all contributing to tumorigenesis. Integration near promoter regions and active genes is closely linked to carcinogenesis, highlighting its importance in developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes viral integration's role in oncogenesis, mechanisms of integration, and methods to study this process, focusing on DNA tumor viruses such as HBV, EBV, HPV, and Merkel cell polyomavirus.
- Keywords
- Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, human papillomavirus, integration, virus,
- MeSH
- DNA, Viral genetics MeSH
- Genome, Human MeSH
- Genome, Viral * MeSH
- Virus Integration * MeSH
- Carcinogenesis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Merkel cell polyomavirus genetics physiology MeSH
- DNA Tumor Viruses * genetics physiology MeSH
- Neoplasms virology MeSH
- Oncogenic Viruses * genetics physiology MeSH
- Papillomaviridae genetics physiology MeSH
- Herpesvirus 4, Human genetics physiology MeSH
- Hepatitis B virus genetics physiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
- Names of Substances
- DNA, Viral MeSH
The paper presents an extension of Pinch Analysis and namely, Total Site Process Integration. It benefits from up to date developments and introduction of Total EcoSite Integration for urban and industrial symbiosis. An important development is Pinch Analysis for Solid Waste Integration which is a crucial step for the symbiosis in a circular economy. As the potential EcoSites are usually extensive and cover various units, a methodology based on clusters has been used. The solution has been supported by graphical tools using the analogy with already implemented extensions of Pinch Analysis. The results of a demonstration case study revealed the potential of the novel approach. The identified integrated design increased the energy recovered from the solid waste by 11.39 MWh/d and diverted 2 t/d of the waste from the landfill, benefiting both the urban and industrial site. The proposed approach is also capable of minimising the requirement of energy-intensive thermal drying for waste whenever the process allowed, subsequently offer a solution with lower environmental footprint and cost. For future work, a even more comprehensive case study can be conducted by considering the other forms of the waste, recovery process and drying approaches.
- Keywords
- Process Integration, Solid Waste Integration, Total EcoSite Integration, Urban and industrial symbiosis, Waste recovery,
- MeSH
- Waste Management * MeSH
- Refuse Disposal * MeSH
- Industry MeSH
- Waste Disposal Facilities MeSH
- Symbiosis MeSH
- Solid Waste analysis MeSH
- Environment MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Solid Waste MeSH
This contribution starts from the broad perspective of the global material cycles, analysing the main resource and pollution issues world-wide from the viewpoint of the disturbances to these cycles caused by human activities. The issues are analysed in the light of the currently developing COVID-19 pandemic with the resulting behavioural and business pattern changes. It has been revealed in the analysis of previous reviews that there is a need for a more comprehensive analysis of the resource and environmental impact contributions by industrial and urban processes, as well as product supply chains. The review discusses the recent key developments in the areas of Process Integration and Optimisation, the assessment and reduction of process environmental impacts, waste management and integration, green technologies. That is accompanied by a review of the papers in the current Virtual Special Issue of the Journal of Cleaner Production which is dedicated to the extended articles developed on the basis of the papers presented at the 22nd Conference on Process Integration for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction. The follow-up analysis reveals significant advances in the efficiency and emission cleaning effects of key processes, as well as water/wastewater management and energy storage. The further analysis of the developments identifies several key areas for further research and development - including increases of the safety and robustness of supply networks for products and services, increase of the resources use efficiency of core production and resource conversion processes, as well as the emphasis on improved product and process design for minimising product wastage.
- Keywords
- Circular economy, Cleaner production, Energy saving, Global material cycles, Pollution reduction,
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
We report here the presence of numerous processed pseudogenes derived from the W family of endogenous retroviruses in the human genome. These pseudogenes are structurally colinear with the retroviral mRNA followed by a poly(A) tail. Our analysis of insertion sites of HERV-W processed pseudogenes shows a strong preference for the insertion motif of long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) retrotransposons. The genomic distribution, stability during evolution, and frequent truncations at the 5' end resemble those of the pseudogenes generated by LINEs. We therefore suggest that HERV-W processed pseudogenes arose by multiple and independent LINE-mediated retrotransposition of retroviral mRNA. These data document that the majority of HERV-W copies are actually nontranscribed promoterless pseudogenes. The current search for HERV-Ws associated with several human diseases should concentrate on a small subset of transcriptionally competent elements.
- MeSH
- Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements genetics MeSH
- Endogenous Retroviruses genetics MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- GC Rich Sequence genetics MeSH
- Genome, Human MeSH
- Virus Integration genetics MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Molecular Sequence Data MeSH
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional genetics MeSH
- Pseudogenes genetics MeSH
- RNA, Viral genetics MeSH
- Base Sequence genetics MeSH
- RNA Stability genetics MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
- Names of Substances
- RNA, Viral MeSH
The autonomous transcription of integrated retroviruses strongly depends on genetic and epigenetic effects of the chromatin at the site of integration. These effects are mostly suppressive and proviral activity can be finally silenced by mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. To address the role of the integration site at the whole-genome-scale, we performed clonal analysis of provirus silencing with an avian leucosis/sarcoma virus-based reporter vector and correlated the transcriptional silencing with the epigenomic landscape of respective integrations. We demonstrate efficient provirus silencing in human HCT116 cell line, which is strongly but not absolutely dependent on the de novo DNA methyltransferase activity, particularly of Dnmt3b. Proviruses integrated close to the transcription start sites of active genes into the regions enriched in H3K4 trimethylation display long-term stability of expression and are resistant to the transcriptional silencing after over-expression of Dnmt3a or Dnmt3b. In contrast, proviruses in the intergenic regions tend to spontaneous transcriptional silencing even in Dnmt3a(-/-) Dnmt3b(-/-) cells. The silencing of proviruses within genes is accompanied with DNA methylation of long terminal repeats, whereas silencing in intergenic regions is DNA methylation-independent. These findings indicate that the epigenomic features of integration sites are crucial for their permissivity to the proviral expression.
- MeSH
- Alpharetrovirus genetics MeSH
- DNA Methyltransferase 3A MeSH
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases genetics metabolism MeSH
- DNA Methyltransferase 3B MeSH
- Epigenesis, Genetic * MeSH
- Transcription, Genetic MeSH
- Virus Integration * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- DNA Methylation * MeSH
- Cell Line, Tumor MeSH
- Proviruses genetics MeSH
- Gene Silencing * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Names of Substances
- DNA Methyltransferase 3A MeSH
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases MeSH
- DNMT3A protein, human MeSH Browser
Geothermal energy is a promising renewable energy source that has been developed by many countries in recent years. It can be utilised to meet various energy demand. This paper studies the performance of integrating geothermal energy in the Locally Integrated Energy Sector (LIES). The heating and cooling demand of various processes should be satisfied, and heat among processes should be recovered. This is done by using Grand Composite Curves and Total Site Profiles to visually illustrate how much load is required for utility systems. The geothermal utility system and steam utility system are compared. The integration plan for geothermal energy under different temperatures are studied. An illustrative case shows that by using this type of renewable energy under a specific and favourable condition, above 70% of steam utility load can be saved. The working cycle of using a geothermal utility system is studied by using the Time Slice model. The heat recovery plan for normal operation, mineral scaling, and cleaning periods are optimised. The minimum temperature for heat storage can also be identified.
This study deals with the question of how therapists naturally develop an integrative perspective. A grounded theory analysis was conducted, based on retrospective interviews with seven experienced therapists (working together in the same training program). Adoption of an integrative perspective was found to be an unintended consequence of the development towards an autonomous personal therapeutic approach. This development is directed by two autonomous criteria (congruence and perceived efficacy) and results in intuitive integration. Complementary to this aspect is a heteronomous line of personal therapeutic approach development, characterized by two criteria (adherence and legitimization) and leading to identification. Autonomy and heteronomy are understood as general principles along which a therapist's development can be organized.
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Professional Autonomy * MeSH
- Psychiatry MeSH
- Psychology MeSH
- Psychotherapeutic Processes MeSH
- Psychotherapy methods MeSH
- Retrospective Studies MeSH
- Health Personnel MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
BACKGROUND: Unicellular green algae of the genus Micrasterias (Desmidiales) have complex cells with multiple lobes and indentations, and therefore, they are considered model organisms for research on plant cell morphogenesis and variation. Micrasterias cells have a typical biradial symmetric arrangement and multiple terminal lobules. They are composed of two semicells that can be further differentiated into three structural components: the polar lobe and two lateral lobes. Experimental studies suggested that these cellular parts have specific evolutionary patterns and develop independently. In this study, different geometric morphometric methods were used to address whether the semicells of Micrasterias compereana are truly not integrated with regard to the covariation of their shape data. In addition, morphological integration within the semicells was studied to ascertain whether individual lobes constitute distinct units that may be considered as separate modules. In parallel, I sought to determine whether the main components of morphological asymmetry could highlight underlying cytomorphogenetic processes that could indicate preferred directions of variation, canalizing evolutionary changes in cellular morphology. RESULTS: Differentiation between opposite semicells constituted the most prominent subset of cellular asymmetry. The second important asymmetric pattern, recovered by the Procrustes ANOVA models, described differentiation between the adjacent lobules within the quadrants. Other asymmetric components proved to be relatively unimportant. Opposite semicells were shown to be completely independent of each other on the basis of the partial least squares analysis analyses. In addition, polar lobes were weakly integrated with adjacent lateral lobes. Conversely, higher covariance levels between the two lateral lobes of the same semicell indicated mutual interconnection and significant integration between these parts. CONCLUSIONS: Micrasterias cells are composed of several successively disintegrated parts. These integration patterns concurred with presumed scenarios of morphological evolution within the lineage. In addition, asymmetric differentiation in the shape of the lobules involves two major patterns: asymmetry across the isthmus axis and among the adjacent lobules. Notably, asymmetry among the adjacent lobules may be related to evolutionary differentiation among species, but it may also point out developmental instability related to environmental factors.
- Keywords
- Desmidiales, Geometric morphometrics, Green algae, Micrasterias, Morphological asymmetry, Morphological integration,
- MeSH
- Biological Evolution MeSH
- Micrasterias anatomy & histology MeSH
- Morphogenesis MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Statistical properties of spike trains as well as other neurophysiological data suggest a number of mathematical models of neurons. These models range from entirely descriptive ones to those deduced from the properties of the real neurons. One of them, the diffusion leaky integrate-and-fire neuronal model, which is based on the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) stochastic process that is restricted by an absorbing barrier, can describe a wide range of neuronal activity in terms of its parameters. These parameters are readily associated with known physiological mechanisms. The other model is descriptive, Gamma renewal process, and its parameters only reflect the observed experimental data or assumed theoretical properties. Both of these commonly used models are related here. We show under which conditions the Gamma model is an output from the diffusion OU model. In some cases, we can see that the Gamma distribution is unrealistic to be achieved for the employed parameters of the OU process.
- Keywords
- First-passage-time problem, Leaky integrate-and-fire, Stein’s neuronal model,
- MeSH
- Diffusion * MeSH
- Cybernetics MeSH
- Models, Neurological * MeSH
- Neurons * MeSH
- Stochastic Processes MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
