A multiplex PCR assay was developed for the detection of toxigenic and pathogenic V. cholerae from direct water sources using specific primers targeting diverse genes, viz. outer membrane protein (ompW), cholera toxin (ctxB), ORF specific for O1 (rfbG), zonula occludens (zot) and toxin co-regulated pilus (tcpB); among these genes, ompW acts as internal control for V. cholerae, the ctx gene as a marker for toxigenicity and tcp for pathogenicity. The sensitivity of multiplex PCR was 5 x 10(4) V. cholerae cells per reaction. The procedure was simplified as direct bacterial cells were used as template and there was no need for DNA extraction. The assay was specific as no amplification occurred with the other bacteria used. Toxigenic V. cholerae were artificially spiked in different water samples, filtered through a 0.45 microm membrane, and the filters containing bacteria were enriched in APW for 6 h. PCR following filtration and enrichment could detect as little as 8 V. cholerae cells per mL in different spiked water samples. Various environmental potable water samples were screened for the presence of V. cholerae using this assay procedure. The proposed method is rapid, sensitive and specific for environmental surveillance for the presence of toxigenic-pathogenic and nonpathogenic V. cholerae.

• MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• cholerový toxin genetika   MeSH
• DNA primery MeSH
• látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• sladká voda mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Vibrio cholerae non-O1 * genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• Vibrio cholerae O1 * genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• zásobování vodou analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• cholerový toxin MeSH
• DNA primery MeSH
• látky znečišťující vodu MeSH

Poliomyelitis anterior acuta is an acute infectious disease caused by polioviruses of three antigenic types. First epidemics of poliomyelitis emerged at the end of the 19th century. The World Health Organization launched the poliomyelitis eradication program in 1988. The incidence of poliomyelitis in the world decreased from 350,000 cases in 1988 to 1918 cases in 2002 when poliomyelitis eradication was certified in three WHO regions, the European Region (2002), American Region (1994) and West Pacific Region (2000). Systematic clinico-virological surveillance of poliomyelitis has been carried in the Czech Republic since 1961, including annual vaccination campaigns with living OPV vaccine, clinical screening, virological screening of clinical specimens and sewage water (environmental) samples and sera screening within serological surveys mapping the vaccination immunological efficacy. From 1961 to 2003, 21,423 stool specimens of vaccinated healthy children, 62,440 stool specimens of patients, 6250 cerebrospinal fluid specimens and 2100 throat swab specimens were screened. Within the outdoor environment surveillance, 15,460 sewage water samples were analysed. From 1995 to 2003 129 cases of acute flaccid paresis were investigated in children under 15 years of age and 28 stool samples from their contacts were screened. Over the same period, 1280 sewage water samples from refugee camps were analysed. For serological surveys, about 60,000 sera from healthy individuals of all age categories were investigated. No case of paralytic poliomyelitis has been reported and no wild virus has been isolated in the Czech Republic since 1961.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• očkovací programy * MeSH
• poliomyelitida epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Poliovirus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• surveillance populace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) are emerging, opportunistic pathogens that are linked with food-borne infections in neonates and infants. In the present study, 291 samples of food, 36 samples from a dairy farm and 140 samples of dust from vacuum cleaners were examined for the presence of Cronobacter spp. using chromogenic media and biochemical tests. Altogether, 72 Cronobacter spp. strains were isolated in accordance with the reference standard ČSN P ISO/TS 22964 (2006). No Cronobacter spp. strains were detected in 10 samples of infant milk formula or in samples from a dairy farm. Twelve out of 20 positive food samples were dry products. The incidence of Cronobacter spp. in instant and powdered products and spices (12 positive isolates out of 82 samples) was significantly higher than that in other foods (P = 0.002), but lower than that in samples of dust (52 isolates; P < 0.001). The incidence of Cronobacter spp. in dust from restaurants, bars and hotels (13 positive isolates in 20 samples) was significantly higher than that in dust from households (P = 0.010). The polymerase chain reaction assay for the species-specific detection of the rpoB gene was performed in 49 isolates. Thirty-four Cronobacter spp. isolates were identified as Cronobacter sakazakii, nine isolates as Cronobacter malonaticus and one isolate as Cronobacter turicensis.

• MeSH
• Alphaproteobacteria MeSH
• Cronobacter sakazakii MeSH
• Cronobacter izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• DNA řízené RNA-polymerasy genetika   MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie životního prostředí * MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• DNA řízené RNA-polymerasy MeSH
• RNA polymerase beta subunit MeSH Prohlížeč

• MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
• erysipel epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• hlášení nemocí metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningitida bakteriální epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• sepse epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• spála epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• Streptococcus pyogenes * klasifikace   MeSH
• streptokokové infekce epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

The data collected in the System of monitoring the environmental impact on population health of the Czech Republic in 1994 and 1995 were obtained routinely and in a stabilized manner in six subsystems: health consequences and risks related to air pollution, drinking water quality, noise, human dietary exposure, human exposure to toxic pollutants from the environment and the monitoring of the health state and evaluation of selected indicators of demographic and health statistics. They represent a useful and comprehensive background for providing objective information on the health status of the Czech population and on pollution of different components of the environment in the Czech Republic to other countries in Europe and worldwide to facilitate their commercial and cultural contacts. The results of the calendar year 1995 show that no critical situation needing urgent countermeasures to be taken appeared in the localities monitored. However, some results are indicative of the necessity to take certain remedial measures to maintain all population exposure burdens as low as reasonably possible from the economical and social points of view. The set of problems was identified as important also in 1994. Generally, the limit values and exposure standards are exceeded only sporadically in some localities while for most contaminants monitored only very low values compared to the admissible limits can be found.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hluk MeSH
• kontaminace potravin MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• mortalita MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH

Yeast biosensors have become suitable tools for the screening and detection of environmental pollutants because of their various advantages compared to other sensing technologies. On the other hand, many limitations remain with regard to their optimal performance and applicability in several contexts, such as low-concentration samples and on-site testing. This review summarizes the current state of yeast biosensors, with special focus on screening and assessment of environmental contaminants, discusses both pros and cons, and suggests steps towards their further development and effective use in the environmental assessment.

• Klíčová slova
• environmental monitoring, on-site applicability, pollution, yeast biosensor,
• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky metody   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH

In-situ gamma spectrometry (scintillation or semiconductor) can be used effectively for monitoring natural and man-made radionuclide concentrations, together with the corresponding photon fields, in the environment and in workplaces. It is applied in operational and emergency monitoring of nuclear facilities, waste storage facilities and the uranium industry, in radioactive contamination measurements and mapping, environmental, radiohygienic and radiation safety studies, etc. Methods for processing and interpreting data, experimental techniques (ground or airborne arrangement), calibration and verification and examples of applications are discussed in this paper.

• MeSH
• algoritmy * MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza   chemie   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• radionuklidy analýza   chemie   MeSH
• spektrometrie gama metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• radionuklidy MeSH

Historical slags from the past Fe and Cu-Co production were investigated in order to evaluate either their potential for utilization or their long-term environmental risk for unsupervised old smelting areas. Here, we studied ferrous slags produced during the recovery of Fe from siderite-Cu ores in Slovakia and two different types of non-ferrous slags produced during the recovery of Cu and Co from Kupferschiefer ores in Germany. The glassy character, rare occurrence of primary silicate phases, and the lack of secondary phases in Cu slags indicate their stability for a prolonged period of time. Electron microprobe analytical work showed that the metals and metalloids (Cu, Co, Fe, Zn, Pb, As) are largely encased in droplets of matte and metal alloys and remain protected by the glassy matrix with its low weathering rate. Fe and Co slags are composed of high-temperature silicates such as wollastonite, cristobalite, as well as olivine, feldspar, quartz, leucite, pyroxene, and pyroxenoids. The presence of secondary phases attests to a certain degree metal release owing to weathering. Assuming minimal contents of metals in slags after a treatment with dilute H2SO4, slags could be used as pozzolanas for addition to cement.

• Klíčová slova
• Environmental impact, Historical slags, Metal distribution, Phase analysis, Pozzolanas, Unsupervised smelting areas,
• MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kovy analýza   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• nakládání s odpady * MeSH
• recyklace * MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Německo MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kovy MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH

Monitoring of personal exposure of population from environmental pollution is a very complicated process. There are many different pollutants in environment in very low concentrations and their distribution is non-homogenous. To measure these pollutants is not often feasible or possible due to technical problems. On the other side these can influence the health status of inhabitants by the way of a long time exposition by low doses. In our work we studied an incidence of the cancer of colon and rectum in rural area of Trnava district during the years 1986-1995. These are the most frequent types of cancer in our district-13.4%, incidence rate is 27.5 per 100,000 inhabitants. The standardised incidence ratio (observed/expected cases) were calculated for all villages, including statistical parameters. The population in this small area (1390 km2) is relatively stabile from point of view of migration and nutritional habits. The urban area consisting from five towns was excluded from analysis because the life style and nutritional habits of people living in towns and villages are different. These suppositions enabled to concentrate our attention to the study of environmental factors which can influence development of the colorectal cancer. The SIR's were correlated with time of public drinking water supply, surface water quality, location of waste dumps, and time of gas heating using as kind of house heating. Positive and statistically significant correlation's were found between SIR of the colorectal cancer and waste dump location for females and weaker for surface water and SIR for males. Statistically significant elevation of SIR both for males and females were found in one village. Ecological design of study did not allow to study confounders, yet served enough information for preparation of analytical studies and public health decision-making process on local level.

• MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• interval spolehlivosti MeSH
• kolorektální nádory epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• venkovské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH

Concentrations and isomer compositions of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were measured in six matrices in the Czech Republic (HBCD technical mixture; consumer products; indoor and outdoor air at industrial, urban and background locations; soils; and sediments) to provide insight into changes in concentrations and isomer profiles between environmental sources and environmental sinks. A distinct gradient of air concentrations was observed, from 1600 ng/m3 in the industrial area to < 10 pg/m3 in urban and background air. Isomer profiles also showed a distinct gradient in air, from 95% γ-HBCD in industrial air to 40% γ-HBCD in background air, suggesting the influence of differential atmospheric transport and phototransformation of γ- to α-HBCD. Concentrations and isomer compositions in consumer products were highly variable and indicated differences between products with intentional addition of HBCD as a flame retardant versus those with HBCD as an impurity, e.g., from recycled plastic. Understanding the isomer-specific environmental distributions and processes remains important for risk assessment and toxicology, considering the continued use of HBCD and the isomer-specific differences in uptake, metabolism, and toxicity, and further, demonstrates the utility of isomer profiles to better understand environmental processes of HBCDs.

• Klíčová slova
• Atmospheric transport, Consumer products, Flame retardants, HBCD, Isomer profiles, Sources,
• MeSH
• bromované uhlovodíky analýza   chemie   MeSH
• isomerie MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza   chemie   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• retardanty hoření analýza   MeSH
• spotřebitelská bezpečnost produktů MeSH
• vzduch analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bromované uhlovodíky MeSH
• hexabromocyclododecane MeSH Prohlížeč
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• půda MeSH
• retardanty hoření MeSH