Bacterial oxygen sensing embodies a fascinating interplay between evolutionary pressures and physiological adaptations to varying oxygen levels. Throughout Earth's history, the composition of the atmosphere has undergone significant changes, from anoxic conditions to the gradual accumulation of oxygen. In response, microbial life has evolved diverse strategies to cope with these shifting oxygen levels, ranging from anaerobic metabolism to oxygen-dependent pathways crucial for energy production and cellular processes typical for eukaryotic, multicellular organisms. Of particular interest is the role of iron in bacterial oxygen sensing systems, which play pivotal roles in adaptation to changing oxygen levels. Only free iron, heme-iron, and non-heme iron directly sense oxygen. These iron-containing proteins, such as heme-containing sensors and iron-sulfur cluster proteins, regulate the expression of genes and activity of enzymes involved in oxidative stress defence, virulence, and biofilm formation, highlighting their significance in bacterial pathogenesis and environmental adaptation. Special attention in the review is paid to the mechanisms of oxygen detection and signal transduction from heme-containing sensing to functional domains in the case of bacterial heme-based oxygen sensors.

• Klíčová slova
• Heme-based sensor, Intramolecular catalytic regulation, Oxygen sensing, Signal transduction,
• MeSH
• Bacteria * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• fyziologie bakterií * MeSH
• hem * metabolismus   MeSH
• hemoproteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• kyslík * metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u bakterií MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• železo * metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• hem * MeSH
• hemoproteiny MeSH
• kyslík * MeSH
• železo * MeSH

Sexual compatibility in the Basidiomycota is governed by genetic identity at one or two loci, resulting in compatibility systems called bipolar and tetrapolar. The loci are known as HD and P/R, encoding homeodomain transcription factors and pheromone precursors and receptors, respectively. Bipolarity is known to evolve either by linkage of the two loci or by loss of mating-type determination of either the HD or the P/R locus. The ancestor to basidiomycete fungi is thought to have been tetrapolar, and many transitions to bipolarity have been described in different lineages. In the diverse genus Marasmius (Agaricales), both compatibility systems are found, and the system has been shown to follow the infrageneric sections of the genus, suggesting a single origin of bipolarity. Here, we tested this hypothesis using a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and investigated the mode by which bipolarity has evolved in this group. We utilized available genomic data and marker sequences to investigate evolution of sexual compatibility in Marasmius and allied genera. By generating a concatenated multilocus phylogeny, we found support for a single transition to known bipolarity within Marasmius. Furthermore, utilizing genomic data of the bipolar species Marasmius oreades, we found that the HD and P/R loci likely have remained unlinked through this transition. By comparing nucleotide diversity at the HD and P/R loci in Ma. oreades, we show that the HD locus has retained high diversity, and thus likely the function of determining sexual identity, as similarly in other bipolar mushroom-forming fungi. Finally, we describe the genomic architecture of the MAT loci of species of both sexual compatibility systems in Marasmiaceae and related families.

• Klíčová slova
• Homeodomain, MAT, mating system, mating type, mushroom, pheromone receptor,
• MeSH
• Agaricales genetika   klasifikace   MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• fungální geny pro párovací typ * genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• receptory pro feromony genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• receptory pro feromony MeSH

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the impact of midline lumbar fusion with cortical bone trajectory screws (MIDLF/CBT) on the multifidus muscles, focusing on the evaluation of their postoperative atrophy. CLINICAL RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY: MIDLF/CBT is a relatively new technique increasingly used to treat spinal instability. Despite its reduced invasiveness compared to traditional posterior lumbar interbody fusion with traditional pedicle screws (PLIF/TP), concerns remain about potential damage to the multifidus muscles that are crucial for spinal stability. Understanding the extent of muscular atrophy post-MIDLF/CBT is vital for improving surgical outcomes, and potentially patient rehabilitation strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study retrospectively analysed preoperative and postoperative MRI scans of patients who underwent MIDLF/CBT for degenerative segmental spondylolisthesis. The bilateral width of the multifidus muscles at the operated segment and adjacent segments was measured using axial T2-weighted MRI scans. Statistical comparisons were made using a paired t test, with significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The study included 16 patients with an average age of 57 ± 10 years, 10 of whom (62.5%) were women, and featured a mean follow-up period of 37 ± 25 months. Postoperative measurements showed a significant reduction in the width of the multifidus muscles at the operated segment (mean difference -3.3mm, p = 0.02) and the inferior adjacent segment (-7.4 mm, p < 0.01). A decrease in muscle width at the superior adjacent segment was also observed, although this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our study concluded that MIDLF/CBT results in significant multifidus muscle atrophy at and below the operated segment, potentially impacting postoperative rehabilitation and recovery. These findings highlight the need for further research comparing MIDLF/CBT to other spinal stabilisation techniques. Additionally, incorporating functional electromyographic assessments of paraspinal muscles could provide deeper insights into the long-term consequences of spinal surgeries and helpdevelop new approaches and strategies to mitigate paravertebral muscles atrophy, thus enhancing patient outcomes.

• Klíčová slova
• cortical bone trajectory, midline lumbar fusion, multifidus muscles, spinal fusion, spinal instability, spinal stabilisation,
• MeSH
• bederní obratle * chirurgie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fúze páteře * škodlivé účinky   metody   MeSH
• hluboké zádové svaly * diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• pedikulární šrouby škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• spondylolistéza * chirurgie   MeSH
• svalová atrofie * etiologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Spices are a rich source of vitamins, polyphenols, proteins, dietary fiber, and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, all of which play an important role in biological functions. Since ancient times, spices have been used in our kitchen as a food coloring agent. Spices like cinnamon and turmeric allegedly contain various functional ingredients, such as phenolic and volatile compounds. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the nutritional profiles of cinnamon and turmeric, as well as to analyze the clinical studies on their extracts and essential oils in animals and humans. Furthermore, their enrichment applications for food products and animal feed have also been investigated in terms of safety and toxicity. Numerous studies have shown that cinnamon and turmeric have various health benefits, including the reduction of insulin resistance and insulin signaling pathways in diabetic patients, the reduction of inflammatory biomarkers, and the maintenance of gut microflora in both animals and humans. The food and animal feed industries have taken notice of these health benefits and have begun to promote cinnamon and turmeric as healthy foods. This has resulted in the development of new food products and animal feeds that contain cinnamon and turmeric as primary ingredients, which have been deemed an effective means of promoting cinnamon and turmeric's health benefits.

• Klíčová slova
• Cinnamon, enrichment, functional feed, functional food, turmeric,
• MeSH
• Curcuma * chemie   MeSH
• fortifikované potraviny * MeSH
• funkční potraviny * analýza   MeSH
• koření analýza   MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata * analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nutriční hodnota MeSH
• oleje prchavé analýza   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH
• skořicovník ceylonský * chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oleje prchavé MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH

We study the existence of continuous (linear) operators from the Banach spaces Lip 0 ( M ) of Lipschitz functions on infinite metric spaces M vanishing at a distinguished point and from their predual spaces F ( M ) onto certain Banach spaces, including C(K)-spaces and the spaces c 0 and ℓ 1 . For pairs of spaces Lip 0 ( M ) and C(K) we prove that if they are endowed with topologies weaker than the norm topology, then usually no continuous (linear or not) surjection exists between those spaces. It is also showed that if a metric space M contains a bilipschitz copy of the unit sphere S c 0 of the space c 0 , then Lip 0 ( M ) admits a continuous operator onto ℓ 1 and hence onto c 0 . Using this, we provide several conditions for a space M implying that Lip 0 ( M ) is not a Grothendieck space. Finally, we obtain a new characterization of the Schur property for Lipschitz-free spaces: a space F ( M ) has the Schur property if and only if for every complete discrete metric space N with cardinality d(M) the spaces F ( M ) and F ( N ) are weakly sequentially homeomorphic.

• Klíčová slova
• Grothendieck spaces, Lipschitz-free spaces, Spaces of Lipschitz functions, continuous operators, continuous surjections, density, weak topologies,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

PURPOSE: MRI-only adaptive brachytherapy (MRI-ABT) is the state-of-the-art for treating locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) in combination with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. We aimed to evaluate the pattern of pelvic recurrence after the treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of one hundred LACC patients were treated between January 2017 and December 2023 with concurrent chemoradiotherapy of 45 Gy in 25 fractions ± boost to lymphadenopathy (up to a maximum dose of 60 Gy in 25 fractions) with concurrent weekly cisplatin chemotherapy at the dose of 40 mg/m2/week, and MR-ABT. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 30.2 months, there were 2 local recurrences (2%) and 9 regional pelvic recurrences (9%). The median time to local/regional recurrence was 11 months (range 6-21). For all stages, the 3-year local control was 97.66%, and the 3-year pelvic control was 89.45%. Twenty-four patients died during follow-up; the 3-year overall survival was 75.11%, and the 3-year disease-free survival was 70.97%. CONCLUSION: MRI-ABT combined with external beam radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy for LACC demonstrates excellent local and regional pelvic control. Most local/regional recurrences occur inside or at the edge of the external-beam irradiated field. Recurrences inside the field of brachytherapy are rare. Distant recurrences are the predominant cause of death in LACC patients treated with definitive CRT and MRI-ABT.

• Klíčová slova
• Adaptive brachytherapy, Cervical cancer, MRI-only brachytherapy, Recurrence,
• MeSH
• brachyterapie * metody   MeSH
• chemoradioterapie metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru * MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * metody   MeSH
• nádory děložního čípku * patologie   radioterapie   diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   mortalita   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Inbred mouse strains provide phenotypic homogeneity between individual mice. However, stochastic morphogenetic events combined with epigenetic changes due to exposure to environmental factors and ontogenic experience result in variability among mice with virtually identical genotypes, reducing the reproducibility of experimental mouse models. Here we used microscopic and cytometric techniques to identify individual patterns in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) that are induced by exposure to microbiota. By comparing germ-free (GF), conventional (CV) and gnotobiotic mice colonized with a defined minimal mouse microbiota (oMM12) MHC II-EGFP knock-in mice we quantified antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the lamina propria, cryptopatches (CP), isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs), Peyer's patches (PPs) and specific sections of the mesenteric lymphoid complex. We found that GF mice had a significantly larger outer intestinal surface area compared to CV and oMM12-colonized mice, which partially compensated for their lower density of the villi in the distal ileum. GF mice also contained fewer APCs than oMM12 mice in the Iamina propria of the villi and had a significantly smaller volume of the solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue (SILT). In both GF and oMM12 mice, PP follicles were significantly smaller compared to CV mice, although number was similar. Concomitantly, the number of pDCs in PPs was significantly lower in GF mice than in CV mice. Moreover, the cecal patch was dispersed into small units in GF mice whereas it was compact in CV mice. Taken together, we here provide further evidence that microbiota regulates SILT differentiation, the size and morphology of PPs, the cellular composition of mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and the morphology of cecal patch. As such, microbiota directly affect not only the functional configuration of the immune system but also the differentiation of lymphoid structures. These findings highlight how standardized microbiota, such as oMM12, can promote reproducibility in animal studies by enabling microbiologically controlled experiments across laboratories.

• Klíčová slova
• Germ-free and gnotobiotic models, Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), Lymphoid tissue morphogenesis, MHCII-EGFP knock-in mice, Microbiota-induced immunity, Phenotypic plasticity,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Concerning the dismal prognosis of chemoresistant patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC), we aimed to follow up the findings of a previous whole-exome sequencing study using an orthogonal Sanger sequencing on the same patients and a separate set of 127 EOC patients (N = 177, all fresh frozen tumor samples). We focused on TP53 as a frequently mutated gene relevant for chemosensitivity, included KRAS as an additional therapeutically relevant target, complemented the study with transcript levels of both genes, and compared results with clinical parameters. All variants in TP53 and KRAS detected by exome sequencing were confirmed. KRAS mutated patients had significantly more frequent FIGO stages I or II (p = .002) and other than high-grade serous tumor subtypes (nonHGSCs) (p < .001), which was connected with lower KRAS transcript levels (p = .004). Patients with nonHGSC subtypes had less frequent TP53 mutations (p = .002). Carriers of TP53 variants disrupting the DNA binding loop had significantly longer platinum-free intervals than the rest (p = .037). Tumors bearing nonsense, frameshift, or splice site TP53 variants had a significantly lower TP53 transcript level, while those with missense variants had significantly higher levels than wild types (p < .001). The normalized intratumoral TP53 and KRAS transcript levels were correlated, and patients with co-mutated genes had poorer overall survival than others (p = .015). Protein levels of both genes significantly correlated with their respective transcripts (p = .028 and p = .001, respectively). Our study points to KRAS as a target for future therapy of nonHGSCs and reveals the prognostic value of TP53 variants in the DNA binding loop.

• Klíčová slova
• Epithelial ovarian carcinoma, KRAS, TP53, platinum sensitivity, transcript expression, variant,
• MeSH
• chemorezistence genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epiteliální ovariální karcinom * genetika   farmakoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• nádorový supresorový protein p53 * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory vaječníků * genetika   farmakoterapie   patologie   mortalita   MeSH
• platina * terapeutické užití   farmakologie   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny p21(ras) * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• KRAS protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• nádorový supresorový protein p53 * MeSH
• platina * MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny p21(ras) * MeSH
• TP53 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

Protists of the order Trypanosomatida possess a single multifunctional flagellum, which powers cellular displacement and mediates attachment to tissues of the arthropod vector. The kinetoplastid flagellar cytoskeleton consists of a nine-microtubule doublet axoneme; further structural elaborations, which can vary between species and life cycle stages, include the assembly of axonemal dynein complexes, a pair of singlet microtubules and the extra-axonemal paraflagellar rod. The intracellular amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. build a short, non-motile cilium whose function has remained enigmatic. Here, we used a panel of 25 barcoded promastigote cell lines, including mutants lacking genes encoding flagellar assembly proteins, axonemal proteins required for normal motility, or flagellar membrane proteins to examine how these defects impact on their virulence in macrophages and mice. Mutants lacking the intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein 88 were avirulent indicating that assembly of a flagellum is necessary to allow for Leishmania survival in a mammalian host. A similarly severe loss of virulence was observed upon deletion of BBS2, a core component of the BBSome complex, which may act as a cargo adapter for IFT. By contrast, promastigotes that were unable to beat their flagella due to loss of core axonemal proteins could establish and sustain an infection and only showed a small reduction of parasite burden in vivo compared to the parental cell lines. These results confirm that flagellar motility is not necessary for mammalian infection, but flagellum assembly and the integrity of the BBSome are essential for pathogenicity.

• Klíčová slova
• CRISPR screen, Leishmania, flagella, motility, virulence,
• MeSH
• flagella * fyziologie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Leishmania mexicana * patogenita   genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• makrofágy parazitologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• protozoální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• virulence MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protozoální proteiny MeSH

Current standards in vascular reconstruction imply the use of autologous or synthetic material. Despite being standard, autologous grafts are limited by pathologies already affecting the patient and possible complications at the site of explantation, while synthetic grafts carry increased infection risks. Decellularized tissues have gained significant attention due to their potential for improving integration and functionality. The decellularization process removes cellular components while retaining the extracellular matrix, providing a scaffold that supports endothelial cell growth and minimizes immune rejection. Porcine decellularized vena cava is a promising candidate for vascular graft applications due to its structural similarity to human blood vessels and biocompatibility. In this study, we decellularized porcine vena cava with a combination of Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate in four hours. We subsequently characterized the wall structure through histological stainings and proteomic analysis. Parameters such as wall thickness, intima-media layers thickness, collagen and elastin area fraction were quantified and compared. Moreover, decellularized veins were repopulated in vitro with human endothelial cells in static and dynamic conditions to verify the adhesion of human cells to the porcine scaffold and fully functionalize the lumen. An in-house-designed bioreactor was developed to seed endothelial cells on the lumen, mimicking the in vivo blood flow.

• Klíčová slova
• Bioreactor repopulation, Decellularization, Histological analysis, Porcine vena cava, Proteomics,
• MeSH
• bioreaktory MeSH
• decelularizovaná extracelulární matrix * chemie   MeSH
• endoteliální buňky pupečníkové žíly (lidské) cytologie   MeSH
• endoteliální buňky cytologie   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix chemie   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství metody   MeSH
• tkáňové podpůrné struktury * chemie   MeSH
• venae cavae * cytologie   chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• decelularizovaná extracelulární matrix * MeSH