Normalization method
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Algal test using chlorococcal algae Desmodesmus subspicatus was used to determine single acute toxicity of either diclofenac or cadmium and to assess acute toxicity of their binary mixtures. The test confirmed significant acute toxicity of both diclofenac and cadmium; diclofenac with acute toxicity ErC50 60.44 ± 0.20 mg/L and cadmium with acute toxicity ErC50 2.14 ± 0.02 mg/L. This study of acute toxicity of binary cadmium-diclofenac mixtures confirmed their negative effects on aquatic producers and it also proved influence of the above substances on acute toxicity of their mixtures. Normalization method was applied to predict acute toxicity of binary mixtures composed of chemicals with significantly different acute toxicities. Normalization method used molar ratio (R) of chemicals in binary mixtures as their composition descriptor.
- Klíčová slova
- Binary mixtures, Cadmium, Desmodesmus subspicatus, Diclofenac, Normalization method,
- MeSH
- antiflogistika nesteroidní toxicita MeSH
- Chlorophyta účinky léků MeSH
- diklofenak toxicita MeSH
- kadmium toxicita MeSH
- lékové interakce MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antiflogistika nesteroidní MeSH
- diklofenak MeSH
- kadmium MeSH
The merit of RNASeq data relies heavily on correct normalization. However, most methods assume that the majority of transcripts show no differential expression between conditions. This assumption may not always be correct, especially when one condition results in overexpression. We present a new method (NormQ) to normalize the RNASeq library size, using the relative proportion observed from RT-qPCR of selected marker genes. The method was compared against the popular median-of-ratios method, using simulated and real-datasets. NormQ produced more matches to differentially expressed genes in the simulated dataset and more distribution profile matches for both simulated and real datasets.
- Klíčová slova
- DESeq, Median-of-ratios, Normalization, RNASeq, TOMOSeq, Transcriptomics,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Named entity recognition (NER) is a task of detecting named entities in documents and categorizing them to predefined classes, such as person, location, and organization. This paper focuses on tweets posted on Twitter. Since tweets are noisy, irregular, brief, and include acronyms and spelling errors, NER in those tweets is a challenging task. Many approaches have been proposed to deal with this problem in tweets written in English, Germany, Chinese, etc., but none for Vietnamese tweets. METHODS: We propose a method that normalizes a tweet before taking as an input of a learning model for NER in Vietnamese tweets. The normalization step detects spelling errors in a tweet and corrects them using an improved Dice's coefficient or n-grams. A Support Vector Machine learning algorithm is employed to learn a classifier using six different types of features. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We train our method on a training set consisting of more than 40,000 named entities and evaluate it on a testing set consisting of 3,186 named entities. The experimental results showed that our system achieves state-of-the-art performance with F1 score of 82.13%.
- Klíčová slova
- Named entity recognition, Spelling error detection and correction, Text normalization,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
We performed a gene expression study using RT-qPCR in Staphylococcus aureus. The influence of normalization method was investigated. We confirmed that a recent standard, using more reference genes, was the best normalization strategy. The application of the most commonly used reference genes in 2011 (gyrB and 16S rRNA gene) failed.
- MeSH
- bakteriální geny * MeSH
- bakteriální RNA genetika MeSH
- DNA gyráza genetika MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce normy MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí normy MeSH
- referenční standardy MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus genetika MeSH
- transkriptom MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- bakteriální RNA MeSH
- DNA gyráza MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH
The recent availability of genome information greatly facilitates the fundamental research on chicken. In different organs, gene expression patterns can provide clues to understanding the biological functions. For rapid and accurate quantification of gene expression, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) has become one of the most widely used methods. However, the success of qPCR data normalization depends on the use of a suitable reference gene and a single reference gene is not universally suitable for all the experiments. Therefore, reference gene validation is a crucial step for different organ tissues of chicken where suitable reference genes for qPCR analysis in varieties of tissues have not been investigated exhaustively so far. In this study, we have selected 30 Gallus gallus candidate reference genes from NCBI, amplified and studied their expression profiles by qPCR in different organ tissues (breast muscle, thigh muscle, heart, liver, spleen, gizzard, and bursa) of chicken. The result showed that, for breast muscle HSP10 and RPL23, thigh muscle RPL14 and RPL13, liver ALB and HSP70, spleen ALB and GAPDH, heart CYCS and TUBA8B, gizzard RPL5 and 18S rRNA, and bursa EEF1A1 and PGK2 are most stable genes respectively. The results also showed that for different organ tissues, individual or a combination of reference genes should be selected for data normalization. In this study, we have identified and validated 30 reference genes in seven different organ tissues to provide accurate transcript normalization and quantification, which can be useful for gene expression studies in other avian species.
- Klíčová slova
- chicken, normalization, organ tissues, quantitative real-time PCR, reference gene,
- MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- kosterní svaly MeSH
- kur domácí * genetika MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce veterinární MeSH
- referenční standardy MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese * veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Internal normalization (IN) serves as a quantitative tool in gas chromatography. Nevertheless, its utilization in liquid chromatography is not widely employed, as several requirements need to be taken into account. However, IN can be used in case of relative amounts estimation when the absolute concentration is not the crucial factor. This suits very well in pharmaceutical analysis when the relative amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) impurities is to be estimated with a limited knowledge of statistics, such as t-test and linear regression. The determination of three prasugrel impurities in the real sample by means of IN and the comparison of these results with external standard calibration was presented. The IN method was validated by test of population means and variances agreement and the agreement of external calibration and IN was performed by Student t-test. The influence of impurities concentration above and below is also discussed as well as the validation parameters, LOD and LOQ. It was found that the results achieved by external calibration and IN are statistically the same and, therefore, IN is a proper method for relative amount estimation of API impurities.
- Klíčová slova
- Internal normalization, Pharmaceutical substances, Quantification, Validation,
- MeSH
- farmaceutická chemie normy MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- léčivé přípravky chemie MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- prasugrel hydrochlorid analýza MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody normy MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- validační studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- léčivé přípravky MeSH
- prasugrel hydrochlorid MeSH
BACKGROUND: Psychiatrization may contribute to the deterioration of public mental health observed in recent decades. The cultural aspects of psychiatrization can be understood as a form of concept creep (progressive expansion) of mental health terminology. Over time, concepts of psychopathology have expanded to encompass a broader range of human experiences, potentially diluting their meaning. Accordingly, previous research has shown a gradual decline in the semantic severity of the word trauma. However, the semantic severity of anxiety and depression has been increasing over time. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to replicate and explain the increases in semantic severity of anxiety and depression by distinguishing between disorder constructs (clinical terms) and lay emotional constructs (everyday emotional terms) and assessing how their semantic severity changes over time. Additionally, we investigate whether mental health discourse and the broader context in which these terms appear influence these changes. METHODS: We analyzed the semantic severity of anxiety, depression, and trauma using leading paragraphs from 4.7 million New York Times articles (1970-2023). We extended this analysis to broader disorder constructs (both generic terms, such as mental illness, and specific terms, such as schizophrenia) and lay emotional constructs (eg, sad and worried). A word2vec model was used to estimate the degree to which these terms appeared in mental health-related contexts, and a Mental Health Index was developed to quantify shifts in discourse. Regression analyses were conducted to assess whether changes in semantic severity were influenced by time and context. RESULTS: The semantic severity of depression increased significantly (τ=0.35; P<.001), while anxiety (τ=0.08; P=.42) and trauma (τ=0.10; P=.33) showed no significant change. However, when controlling for context, severity was consistently higher in mental health-related contexts, and the effect of time became nonsignificant. For specific mental disorder constructs (eg, schizophrenia), semantic severity decreased over time, whereas generic disorder terms (eg, mental illness) remained stable. Lay emotional constructs became increasingly associated with mental health discourse but showed no clear severity trend. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing semantic severity of depression appears to be driven by its growing presence in mental health discourse rather than an inherent shift in meaning. The declining severity of specific, but not generic disorder constructs suggests that the overall representation of mental disorders remains severe, despite its expansion to less serious experiences. Meanwhile, ordinary emotions such as sadness and fear are increasingly discussed in mental health contexts. These trends highlight the evolving cultural framing of mental health and suggest that psychiatrization is shaping public perceptions of emotional experiences.
- Klíčová slova
- anxiety, concept creep, depression, mental health discourse, normalization, pathologization, prevalence inflation, psychiatrization, semantic severity, trauma,
- MeSH
- deprese * psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lingvistika * MeSH
- sémantika * MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- úzkost * psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Wire myograph is a device for the in vitro investigation of both, active and passive properties of arteries. Arteries from a variety of animal species, pathological states, and vascular beds were investigated using this method. We focus on the normalization procedure which is aimed to standardize experimental settings and, in part, to simulate physiological conditions. During normalization, it is determined the internal circumference of a vessel stretched to a tension that corresponds to the transmural pressure of 100 mm Hg (IC100). Once it is determined, the internal circumference is traditionally set to (0.9 IC100). However, this constant 0.9, called also the normalization factor (NF), was experimentally determined for rat small mesenteric arteries only. Therefore, the aim of our work was to show the influence of different NFs on the passive tension and reactivity of both, rat femoral arteries (FA) and the first branches of superior mesenteric arteries (MA). We found out that the maximal active wall tension of the FA was achieved at the NF value of 1.1, and that of the MA at 0.9. Considering the values of the active wall tension we suggest that higher reactivity and better signal-to-noise ratio in FA can be achieved when the NF is set at least to 1.0.
Metabolic flux investigations of cells and tissue samples are a rapidly advancing tool in diverse research areas. Reliable methods of data normalization are crucial for an adequate interpretation of results and to avoid a misinterpretation of experiments and incorrect conclusions. The most common methods for metabolic flux data normalization are to cell number, DNA and protein. Data normalization may be affected by a variety of factors, such as density, healthy state, adherence efficiency, or proportional seeding of cells. The mussel-derived adhesive Cell-Tak is often used to immobilize poorly adherent cells. Here we demonstrate that this coating strongly affects the fluorescent detection of DNA leading to an incorrect and highly variable normalization of metabolic flux data. Protein assays are much less affected and cell counting can virtually completely remove the effect of the coating. Cell-Tak coating also affects cell shape in a cell line-specific manner and may change cellular metabolism. Based on these observations we recommend cell counting as a gold standard normalization method for Seahorse metabolic flux measurements with protein content as a reasonable alternative.
- MeSH
- DNA * MeSH
- membránové proteiny * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- Cell-Tak MeSH Prohlížeč
- DNA * MeSH
- membránové proteiny * MeSH
OBJECTIVE: In addition to hypogonadism, other endocrine disorders-particularly hyperprolactinemia-can significantly influence erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of normalizing prolactin (PRL) levels on erectile function in men diagnosed with ED and hyperprolactinemia. The primary outcome was improvement in IIEF-5. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a three group of patients (N = 20) diagnosed with hyperprolactinemia who simultaneously presented with ED, confirmed by clinical criteria and results of the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Group Conservative did not receive hyperprolactinemia treatment. Treatment of hyperprolactinemia consisted of pharmacotherapy with dopaminergic agonists (group Dostinex) and/or neurosurgical intervention, depending on individual findings (group Surgery). For ED therapy, each patient received one of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5I)-specifically sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, or avanafil. RESULTS: After successful hyperprolactinemia therapy, all treated patients achieved normalized PRL levels. At the same time, each patient showed an improvement in IIEF-5 scores, indicating a significant enhancement in erectile function. Groups Conservative showed tendency to improve. Groups Dostinex and Surgery reached significant enhancement in erectile function. CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed the positive impact of resolving the primary endocrine cause on overall sexual health. These findings underscore the importance of comprehensive hormonal assessment in the management of male sexual dysfunction, including measurement of PRL levels. While hyperprolactinemia is a relatively uncommon cause of ED, its treatment-whether pharmacological or surgical-can lead to PRL normalization and a marked improvement in erectile function. The combined use of PDE5I and hyperprolactinemia treatment represents an effective therapeutic approach that should be considered in the care of men with ED.
- MeSH
- agonisté dopaminu terapeutické užití MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- erektilní dysfunkce * etiologie farmakoterapie krev MeSH
- hyperprolaktinemie * komplikace farmakoterapie krev MeSH
- inhibitory fosfodiesterasy 5 * terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prolaktin * krev MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- agonisté dopaminu MeSH
- inhibitory fosfodiesterasy 5 * MeSH
- prolaktin * MeSH
