The genus Vigna (Leguminosae) comprises about 150 species grouped into five subgenera. The present study aimed to improve the understanding of karyotype diversity and evolution in Vigna, using new and previously published data through different cytogenetic and DNA content approaches. In the Vigna subgenera, we observed a random distribution of rDNA patterns. The 35S rDNA varied in position, from terminal to proximal, and in number, ranging from one (V. aconitifolia, V. subg. Ceratotropis) to seven pairs (V. unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, V. subg. Vigna). On the other hand, the number of 5S rDNA was conserved (one or two pairs), except for V. radiata (V. subg. Ceratotropis), which had three pairs. Genome size was relatively conserved within the genus, ranging from 1C = 0.43 to 0.70 pg in V. oblongifolia and V. unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, respectively, both belonging to V. subg. Vigna. However, we observed a positive correlation between DNA content and the number of 35S rDNA sites. In addition, data from chromosome-specific BAC-FISH suggest that the ancestral 35S rDNA locus is conserved on chromosome 6 within Vigna. Considering the rapid diversification in the number and position of rDNA sites, such conservation is surprising and suggests that additional sites may have spread out from this ancestral locus.

• Klíčová slova
• Vigna, DNA content, FISH, Karyotype evolution, Molecular cytogenetics, rDNA sites,
• MeSH
• chromozomy rostlin genetika   MeSH
• DNA rostlinná genetika   MeSH
• Fabaceae genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• karyotyp MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• vigna * genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA rostlinná MeSH
• ribozomální DNA MeSH

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) is a major crop for worldwide food and nutritional security, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, that is resilient to hot and drought-prone environments. An assembly of the single-haplotype inbred genome of cowpea IT97K-499-35 was developed by exploiting the synergies between single-molecule real-time sequencing, optical and genetic mapping, and an assembly reconciliation algorithm. A total of 519 Mb is included in the assembled sequences. Nearly half of the assembled sequence is composed of repetitive elements, which are enriched within recombination-poor pericentromeric regions. A comparative analysis of these elements suggests that genome size differences between Vigna species are mainly attributable to changes in the amount of Gypsy retrotransposons. Conversely, genes are more abundant in more distal, high-recombination regions of the chromosomes; there appears to be more duplication of genes within the NBS-LRR and the SAUR-like auxin superfamilies compared with other warm-season legumes that have been sequenced. A surprising outcome is the identification of an inversion of 4.2 Mb among landraces and cultivars, which includes a gene that has been associated in other plants with interactions with the parasitic weed Striga gesnerioides. The genome sequence facilitated the identification of a putative syntelog for multiple organ gigantism in legumes. A revised numbering system has been adopted for cowpea chromosomes based on synteny with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). An estimate of nuclear genome size of 640.6 Mbp based on cytometry is presented.

• Klíčová slova
• Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, chromosomal inversion, cowpea, domestication, genome annotation, genome evolution, genome size, legumes, next-generation sequencing, repetitive elements,
• MeSH
• chromozomy rostlin genetika   MeSH
• délka genomu genetika   MeSH
• DNA rostlinná chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fazol genetika   MeSH
• genom rostlinný genetika   MeSH
• mapování chromozomů MeSH
• retroelementy genetika   MeSH
• rostlinné geny genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA metody   MeSH
• syntenie MeSH
• vigna genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA rostlinná MeSH
• retroelementy MeSH

Ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) is an endogenous bioluminescence phenomenon present in all biological samples with an active oxidative metabolism, even without an external pre-illumination. To verify the potential of UPE for non-invasive monitoring of metabolism and growth in germinating plants, the aim of this study was to investigate the UPE from a model system - germinating mung bean seedlings (Vigna radiata) - and analyze the statistical properties of UPE during the growth in two different conditions of imbibition (pure water and 1% sucrose). We found that in all days and in both conditions, photocount distributions of UPE time series follow the negative binomial distribution whose parameters changed during the growth due to the increasing ratio of signal-to-detector dark count. Correspondingly for both groups, the mean values of UPE increased during the seedlings growth, while the values of Fano factor show a decreasing trend towards 1 during the 6day period. While our results do not show any significant difference in hypocotyl length and weight gain between the two groups of mung seedlings, there is an indication of a tiny suppressing effect of sucrose on UPE intensity. We believe that UPE can be exploited for a sensitive non-invasive analysis of oxidative metabolism during the plant development and growth with potential applications in agricultural research.

• Klíčová slova
• Mung bean, Photocount statistics, Ultra-weak photon emission,
• MeSH
• fotony * MeSH
• klíčení * MeSH
• vigna chemie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Biological systems manifest continuous weak autoluminescence, which is present even in the absence of external stimuli. Since this autoluminescence arises from internal metabolic and physiological processes, several works suggested that it could carry information in the time series of the detected photon counts. However, there is little experimental work which would show any difference of this signal from random Poisson noise and some works were prone to artifacts due to lacking or improper reference signals. Here we apply rigorous statistical methods and advanced reference signals to test the hypothesis whether time series of autoluminescence from germinating mung beans display any intrinsic correlations. Utilizing the fractional Brownian bridge that employs short samples of time series in the method kernel, we suggest that the detected autoluminescence signal from mung beans is not totally random, but it seems to involve a process with a negative memory. Our results contribute to the development of the rigorous methodology of signal analysis of photonic biosignals.

• MeSH
• klíčení fyziologie   MeSH
• luminiscence * MeSH
• vigna růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Paclobutrazol, (2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol, is a plant growth retardant that mainly inhibits gibberellins (GAs) biosynthesis. In agricultural practice, paclobutrazol is applied to arrest vegetative growth so as to increase the reproductive growth of many orchard fruit, as well as grain crops. However, due to its over-application and chemical stability, paclobutrazol accumulates in soil and inhibits the growth of subsequent crops, especially those grown for vegetative purposes. The present study focused mainly on the changes in the soil bacterial community following application of paclobutrazol. Mung bean (Vigna radiata) plants were treated with paclobutrazol and cultivated for three consecutive seasons. Soil samples were collected and analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) using 16S rDNA gene fragments and clone library analyses. The results obtained through clustering and clonal sequencing analysis showed that the bacterial community was affected by paclobutrazol, and in addition, was more diverse in the third stage of mung bean plant cultivation. The results of the study showed that paclobutrazol affected bacterial composition, and the population of bacteria varied greatly across time.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• květy účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• mikrobiota účinky léků   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• triazoly farmakologie   MeSH
• vigna účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• paclobutrazol MeSH Prohlížeč
• půda MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH
• triazoly MeSH

BACKGROUND: Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have the ability to enhance the growth, fitness, and quality of various agricultural crops, including cowpea. However, field trials confirming the benefits of microbes in large-scale applications using economically viable and efficient inoculation methods are still scarce. Microbial seed coating has a great potential for large-scale agriculture through the application of reduced amounts of PGPR and AM fungi inocula. Thus, in this study, the impact of seed coating with PGPR, Pseudomonas libanensis TR1 and AM fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis (single or multiple isolates) on grain yield and nutrient content of cowpea under low-input field conditions was evaluated. RESULTS: Seed coating with P. libanensis + multiple isolates of R. irregularis (coatPMR) resulted in significant increases in shoot dry weight (76%), and in the number of pods and seeds per plant (52% and 56%, respectively) and grain yield (56%), when compared with non-inoculated control plants. However, seed coating with P. libanensis + R. irregularis single-isolate (coatPR) did not influence cowpea grain yield. Grain lipid content was significantly higher (25%) in coatPMR plants in comparison with control. Higher soil organic matter and lower pH were observed in the coatPMR treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that cowpea field productivity can be improved by seed coating with PGPR and multiple AM fungal isolates under low-input agricultural systems. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

• Klíčová slova
• agricultural sustainability, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, field experiment, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria,
• MeSH
• Glomeromycota fyziologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza fyziologie   MeSH
• pěstování plodin metody   MeSH
• Pseudomonas fyziologie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• semena rostlinná růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• vigna růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda MeSH

Combining high-carbohydrate food with polyphenol-rich food is a possible way of producing slowly digestible starch with beneficial health properties. In Japan, non-glutinous and glutinous rice are cooked with adzuki bean and the colour of the cooked rice is pale red. In this article, we show that (1) the red colour of rice could be attributed to the oxidation of adzuki bean procyanidins, (2) pancreatin-induced starch digestion of the red-coloured non-glutinous rice was slower than white rice and (3) the digestion of amylose and potato starch but not amylopectin became slower by heating with procyanidin B2. Furthermore, the rate of starch digestion of red-coloured rice was not affected by nitrite treatment under simulated gastric conditions. The above results show that procyanidins could bind to amylose independent of the starch source by heating and could suppress starch digestion by α-amylase in the intestine.

• Klíčová slova
• Adzuki bean, amylopectin, amylose, glutinous and non-glutinous rice, procyanidins,
• MeSH
• alfa-amylasy MeSH
• amylopektin metabolismus   MeSH
• amylosa metabolismus   MeSH
• biflavonoidy MeSH
• katechin MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pankreatin metabolismus   MeSH
• proantokyanidiny metabolismus   MeSH
• rýže (rod) * MeSH
• trávení * MeSH
• vaření MeSH
• vigna * MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Japonsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alfa-amylasy MeSH
• amylopektin MeSH
• amylosa MeSH
• biflavonoidy MeSH
• katechin MeSH
• pankreatin MeSH
• proantokyanidiny MeSH
• procyanidin B2 MeSH Prohlížeč

In Japan, adzuki bean is cooked with rice. During the cooking, the colour of rice becomes pale red. It is postulated that the red pigment is produced from procyanidins and that the ingestion of red rice causes the production of nitric oxide (•NO) in the stomach by reacting with salivary nitrite. The increase in colour intensity accompanied the decrease in the amounts of procyanidins, suggesting the conversion of procyanidins into the red pigment during the cooking. In addition, the red pigment combined with rice strongly. The red-coloured rice produced •NO by reacting with nitrite in artificial gastric juice, and the amounts were dependent on the contents of procyanidins and the equivalents. It is suggested that although adzuki procyanidins were oxidised during cooking with rice, procyanidins and the equivalents bound to rice still have the ability to produce bioactive •NO in the stomach using nitrite in mixed whole saliva.

• Klíčová slova
• Adzuki bean, binding of procyanidins to rice, nitric oxide (•NO), nitrite, oxidation of procyanidins, rice cooked with adzuki bean,
• MeSH
• anthokyaniny metabolismus   MeSH
• biflavonoidy metabolismus   MeSH
• dusitany metabolismus   MeSH
• katechin metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina askorbová metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina dehydroaskorbová metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxid dusnatý metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• peptidylprolylisomerasa Pin1 MeSH
• proantokyanidiny metabolismus   MeSH
• rýže (rod) metabolismus   MeSH
• škrob MeSH
• sliny MeSH
• vaření * MeSH
• vigna chemie   MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• žaludeční šťáva metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Japonsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anthokyaniny MeSH
• biflavonoidy MeSH
• cyanidin MeSH Prohlížeč
• dusitany MeSH
• katechin MeSH
• kyselina askorbová MeSH
• kyselina dehydroaskorbová MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• peptidylprolylisomerasa Pin1 MeSH
• Pin1 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• proantokyanidiny MeSH
• procyanidin MeSH Prohlížeč
• škrob MeSH

The competitiveness of dual-strain inoculum of Bradyrhizobium strains S24 and GR4 was demonstrated for nodulation of green gram (Vigna radiata). Strain S24 formed pink nodules, GR4 produced visually distinguishable dark-brown nodules. When a mixture of these Bradyrhizobium strains was applied as inoculum, nodules of both pink and dark-brown types were formed on the same root. The strain GR4, which was less competitive than strain S24, was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to obtain pigment-diverse mutants and six selected mutants were screened for symbiotic parameters. One mutant produced pink nodules and appreciably increased plant dry mass. The competitive ability of this mutant lacking brown pigment was compared with that of strain S24 by using antibiotic resistance markers; it showed increased nodulation competitiveness than its parent strain GR4. The dark-brown nodule-phenotype could be useful in evaluating nodulation competitiveness of "cowpea miscellany" bradyrhizobia in soil where dark-brown nodule-forming strains are not indigenous.

• MeSH
• Bradyrhizobium klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Fabaceae růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fixace dusíku * MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• melaniny metabolismus   MeSH
• methylnitronitrosoguanidin MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• melaniny MeSH
• methylnitronitrosoguanidin MeSH

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in an acidic buffer system was used to study the electrophoretic behaviour of two forms of alpha-D-galactosidase from seeds of soy bean (Glycine soja) and mung bean (Vigna radiata). The interaction of the enzymes with saccharides was monitored by affinity electrophoresis; for the preparation of affinity gels, water-soluble O-glycosyl polyacrylamide copolymers and polysaccharides were used. alpha-D-Galactosidases from both sources interact with immobilized alpha-D-galactosyl residues. On the basis of the results of affinity electrophoresis performed in the presence of various free sugars, dissociation constants for the complexes between alpha-D-galactosidase and free sugars were calculated.

• MeSH
• alfa-galaktosidasa analýza   MeSH
• chromatografie afinitní MeSH
• elektroforéza v polyakrylamidovém gelu MeSH
• galaktosidasy analýza   MeSH
• Glycine max enzymologie   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• lektiny analýza   MeSH
• molekulová hmotnost MeSH
• rostlinné lektiny MeSH
• semena rostlinná enzymologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alfa-galaktosidasa MeSH
• galaktosidasy MeSH
• lektiny MeSH
• rostlinné lektiny MeSH