UNLABELLED: Tiller number is a key component of wheat plant architecture having a direct impact on grain yield. Because of their viability, biotic resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance, wild relative species are a valuable gene source for increasing wheat genetic diversity, including yield potential. Agropyron glael, a perennial hybrid of Thinopyrum intermedium and Th. ponticum, was created in the 1930s. Recent genome analyses identified five evolutionarily distinct subgenomes (J, Jst, Jvs, Jr, and St), making A. glael an important gene source for transferring useful agronomical traits into wheat. During a bread wheat × A. glael crossing program, a genetically stable translocation line, WT153397, was developed. Sequential in situ hybridizations (McGISH) with J-, St-, and D-genomic DNA probes and pSc119.2, Afa family, pTa71, and (GAA)7 DNA repeats, as well as molecular markers specific for the wheat 6D chromosome, revealed the presence of a 6DS.6Jvs Robertsonian translocation in the genetic line. Field trials in low-input and high-input breeding nurseries over four growing seasons demonstrated the Agropyron chromosome arm's high compensating ability for the missing 6DL, as spike morphology and fertility of WT153397 did not differ significantly from those of wheat parents, Mv9kr1 and 'Mv Karizma.' Moreover, the introgressed 6Jvs chromosome arm significantly increased the number of productive tillers, resulting in a significantly higher grain yield potential compared to the parental wheat cultivars. The translocated chromosome could be highly purified by flow cytometric sorting due to the intense fluorescent labeling of (GAA)7 clusters on the Thinopyrum chromosome arm, providing an opportunity to use chromosome genomics to identify Agropyron gene variant(s) responsible for the tillering capacity. The translocation line WT153397 is an important genetic stock for functional genetic studies of tiller formation and useful breeding material for increasing wheat yield potential. The study also discusses the use of the translocation line in wheat breeding. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-024-01439-y.

• Klíčová slova
• Agropyron glael, FISH, Flow cytometric sorting, GISH, Tillering, Yield potential,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Rainfed wheat is of paramount importance to global food security, representing the most extensively cultivated crop worldwide. In a considerable number of regions, wheat yields fail to reach the anticipated production levels. Although an increase in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer inputs can enhance yield and help to close the yield gap, excessive use can lead to environmental pollution and disrupt biogeochemical cycles. The objective of this study is to ascertain the optimal rates of N and P application required to achieve 50 %, 70 %, and 80 % of the water-limited potential yield (Yw) for rainfed wheat. By integrating the Global Yield Gap Atlas with regression models and meta-analysis, we evaluated the global N and P requirements for rainfed wheat. The results demonstrate that to achieve a yield target of 50 % Yw, a reduction of 40 % in the application of N is required. Conversely, a 10 % reduction in N application is necessary to reach a yield target of 70 % Yw. To reach 80 % Yw, an increase of 13 % in the application of N is required. Regarding P, a reduction of 12 % is required in order to achieve a 50 % Yw, whereas both 70 % and 80 % Yw targets necessitate an increase of 15 %. These findings offer crucial insights for policymakers and agricultural stakeholders, providing a basis for enhancing food security, improving sustainability, and addressing the global yield gap challenge.

• Klíčová slova
• Fertilizer, GYGA results, Potential yield, Rainfed wheat, Yield gap,
• MeSH
• dusík * analýza   MeSH
• fosfor * analýza   MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva * analýza   MeSH
• pšenice * růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zemědělství * metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusík * MeSH
• fosfor * MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva * MeSH

Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), a wheat-rye small grain crop hybrid, combines wheat and rye attributes in one hexaploid genome. It is characterized by high adaptability to adverse environmental conditions: drought, soil acidity, salinity and heavy metal ions, poorer soil quality, and waterlogging. So that its cultivation is prospective in a changing climate. Here, we describe RGB on-ground phenotyping of field-grown eighteen triticale market-available cultivars, made in naturally changing light conditions, in two consecutive winter cereals growing seasons: 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The number of ears was counted on top-down images with an accuracy of 95% and mean average precision (mAP) of 0.71 using advanced object detection algorithm YOLOv4, with ensemble modeling of field imaging captured in two different illumination conditions. A correlation between the number of ears and yield was achieved at the statistical importance of 0.16 for data from 2019. Results are discussed from the perspective of modern breeding and phenotyping bottleneck.

• Klíčová slova
• Deep learning, Ear detection, Field imaging, Plant breeding, Statistical analysis, Yield potential,
• MeSH
• jedlá semena genetika   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• půda MeSH
• šlechtění rostlin MeSH
• triticale * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda MeSH

The light-induced electron transport in purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides was studied in vivo by means of kinetic difference absorption spectroscopy and kinetics of bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence yield. Measurements of redox state of the oxidised primary donor and cytochrome c and the membrane potential revealed a complex pattern of changes of the electron flow. Effects of the membrane potential on the fluorescence yield were also analysed, and a model for the fluorescence induction curve is presented. The data indicate substantial positive effect of the membrane potential on the fluorescence emission in vivo. Moreover, light-induced changes in light scattering were observed, which suggests occurrence of structural changes on the level of the photosynthetic membrane.

• MeSH
• bakteriochlorofyly metabolismus   MeSH
• fluorescence MeSH
• fotosyntéza fyziologie   MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• membránové potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• Rhodobacter sphaeroides metabolismus   fyziologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• transport elektronů MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriochlorofyly MeSH

Mitochondria are involved in cellular functions that transcend the traditional role of these organelles as the energy factory of the cell. Their relative inaccessibility and the difficulties involved in attempts to study them in their natural environment -- the cytosol -- has delayed much of this understanding and they still have many secrets to yield. One of the relatively new fields in this respect is undoubtedly the analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential. The realization that its alteration may have important pathophysiological consequences has led to an increased interest in measuring this variable in a variety of biological settings, including cardiovascular diseases. Measurements of mitochondrial membrane potential tell us much about the role of mitochondria in normal cell function and in processes leading to cell death. However, we must be aware of the limitations of using isolated mitochondria, single cells and different fluorescent indicators.

• MeSH
• kardiomyocyty fyziologie   MeSH
• membránové potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• mitochondrie fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Maize pests like Ostrinia nubilalis and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera are eradicated using genetically modified maize. This study's goal was to see if the genetically modified maize MON810 is also toxic to thrips communities on maize. The impact of Bt maize on thrips diversity and abundance, as well as yield losses, was studied in the field in Borovce for three years (Slovakia). The study used 10 Bt and 10 non-Bt maize cultivars. Thrips were monitored every two weeks during the season using transparent sticky traps installed on the experimental plots (one per plot, 20 per year). In total, 3426 thrips were caught. Thrips populations usually peak around the end of July at BBCH55. Among the species identified were Limothrips denticornis, Limothrips cerealium, Haplothrips aculeatus, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci, Aeolothrips fasciatus, Frankliniella tenuicornis, and Chirothrips spp. We found that MON810 maize had no effect on the occurrence or composition of thrips. Their presence was affected by the maize growth phase and growing seasons and partially by the weather. The direct effect on the grain yield was not confirmed. Our research contributed to scientific knowledge of thrips communities found on maize plants in Central Europe, including Bt maize.

• Klíčová slova
• Bt maize, Thripidae, abundance, non-target arthropods, pest control,
• MeSH
• brouci * MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny genetika   MeSH
• kukuřice setá genetika   MeSH
• můry * MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• Thysanoptera * genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Our previous studies have shown physiological and yield intensification of selected crops with the application of nanoparticles (NPs). However, the impact on the quantitative, qualitative, and yield parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) in field conditions remains highly debated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs), gold NPs anchored to meso-biosilica (Au-NP-bioSi), and titanium dioxide (TiO2-NPs) as biological stimulants under field conditions during the vegetation season of 2021 in the Central European region. The study assessed the effects on the number of plants, yield, yield components, and nutritional quality, including mineral nutrients, starch, and crude protein levels. The potential translocation of these chemically-physically stable NPs, which could pose a hazard, was also investigated. The results indicate that Au-NP-bioSi and ZnO-NPs-treatments were the most beneficial for yield and yield components at a statistically significant level. Mineral nutrient outcomes were varied, with the NP-free variant performing the best for phosphorus-levels, while Au-NP-bioSi and ZnO-NPs were optimal for crude protein. Starch content was comparable across the TiO2-NPs, Au-NP-bioSi, and control variants. Importantly, we observed no hazardous translocation of NPs or negative impacts on maize grain quality. This supports the hypothesis that NPs can serve as an effective tool for precise and sustainable agriculture.

• Klíčová slova
• biosilica, gold, grain quality, maize, nanofertilizers, nanoparticles, spray application, titanium dioxide, yield, zinc oxide,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in harnessing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a possible mechanism to mitigate the environmental impact of conventional agricultural practices and promote sustainable agricultural production. This study investigated the transferability of promising PGPR research from maize to another Poaceae cereal crop, wheat. This multi-seasonal study evaluated the wheat grain yield effect of Lysinibacillus sphaericus (T19), Paenibacillus alvei (T29) when applied i. individually, ii. as a consortium with Bacillus safensis (S7), and iii. at a 75% reduced fertilizer rate. Whole genome sequencing allowed annotation of genes linked to plant growth promotion, providing potential genomic explanations for the observed in-field findings. Application of the consortium compared to a commercial PGPR showed significantly increased wheat yield by 30.71%, and 25.03%, respectively, in season one, and 63.92% and 58.45%, respectively, under reduced fertilizer rates in season two. Individual application of T19 and T29 showed varying results, with T19 increasing wheat yield by 9.33% and 16.22% during seasons three and four but a substantial reduction (33.39%) during season five. T29 exhibited yield increases during season three (9.31%) and five (5.61%) but led to a significant reduction (21.15%) in season four. Genomic analysis unveiled a spectrum of plant growth-promoting genes including those associated with ammonification, phosphate solubilization, ethylene, siderophore, catalase, and superoxide dismutase production. These findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms behind observed field results, with potential implications for advancing sustainable agriculture and crop productivity in evolving agricultural landscapes.

• Klíčová slova
• Biocontrol, Biofertilizers, Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, Reduced fertilizer application, Wheat yield enhancement, Whole genome sequencing,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Feral cattle (Bos taurus) live in socially stable herds. Due to farm management practices, intensively managed dairy cows experience frequent regrouping, which can disrupt affiliative bonds and induce social stress. This study examines how changes in herd composition affect milk yield and udder health traits in resident dairy cows exposed to the withdrawal of herd members or the introduction of new individuals. Milk yield, electrical conductivity, and blood presence in milk were measured in 798 cows using precision dairy sensors over 9 years. Milk yield decreased significantly (p < 0.001) one day after the removal of familiar herd members, while introducing cows had no effect. A higher number of cows being withdrawn (up to 10) was associated with reduced milk yield (p < 0.001), elevated milk electrical conductivity (p = 0.01), and an increased prevalence of blood presence in milk (p = 0.01), which can indicate potential udder health issues linked to social stress. Holstein Friesian, primiparous, and first-lactation-stage cows were more affected than Czech Simental and multiparous cows later in lactation. These findings underscore the influence of social stability on dairy cow welfare and productivity, emphasising the need for strategies to mitigate stress when herd changes are necessary.

• Klíčová slova
• dairy cow, milk yield, precision farming, regrouping, social environment, udder health,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The history of plants to be utilized as medicines is thousands of years old. Black cumin is one of the most widely examined plant possessing naturally occurring compounds with antimicrobial potential. Foliar application of growth stimulators is a successful strategy to enhance yield and quality in many crops. A field study was planned to apply growth stimulator like moringa leaf extract on black cumin crop grown under field conditions using RCB design with three replications. All other agronomic inputs and practices were uniform. The treatments were moringa leaf extract concentrations (10%, 20%), growth stages (40 days after sowing, 80 DAS, 120 DAS, 40 + 80 DAS, 40 + 120 DAS, 80 + 120 DAS, 40 + 80 + 120 days after sowing) and two controls unsprayed check (i.e. no moringa leaf extract, no water) and sprayed check (no moringa leaf extract + water). Application of 20% moringa leaf extract at stage-7 (40 + 80 + 120 days after sowing) had significantly increased plant height, branches plant-1, essential oil content, fixed oil content, peroxidase value and iodine value of black cumin oil over unsprayed control. Application of moringa leaf extract showed maximum results and improves growth and yield of black cumin when applied at 40 + 80 + 120 days after sowing. As this study was only conducted using moringa leaf extract, it is advisable to conduct an experiment with various bio stimulants along with fertilizer combinations and growth regulators to check their synergistic effects for more reliable and acceptable recommendations in future.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH