In their advocacy for the legal recognition of same-sex relationships during the 1990s, prominent Czech gay rights activists focused only on issues of sexuality and did not question the essentialist understanding of gender, especially in parenting. Consequently, even though the Czech Republic legalized registered partnerships for gays and lesbians in 2006, legal barriers now exist regarding parental rights for same-sex couples, who are prohibited from adopting children and accessing reproductive technology once they register with the state. This article examines a rising, new wave of Czech lesbian activism that has focused on gaining legal parental rights for registered same-sex couples. While lesbian activists were disempowered in terms of their public visibility as well as political involvement during the 1990s, the recent growing prominence of lesbian groups has been enabled by their stronger political focus and organizational coherence. Analyzing the lesbian activists' strategies, I show not only how lesbian activism can advance the public debate about traditional gender roles, but also how lesbian activism can strengthen the critique of the ideology of marriage.

• MeSH
• homosexualita mužská MeSH
• homosexualita ženská * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• manželství zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• občanská práva zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• politika MeSH
• rodiče * MeSH
• rodičovství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Citizen science is a growing field of research and practice, generating new knowledge and understanding through the collaboration of citizens in scientific research. As the field expands, it is becoming increasingly important to consider its potential to foster education and learning opportunities. Although progress has been made to support learning in citizen science projects, as well as to facilitate citizen science in formal and informal learning environments, challenges still arise. This paper identifies a number of dilemmas facing the field-from competing scientific goals and learning outcomes, differing underlying ontologies and epistemologies, diverging communication strategies, to clashing values around advocacy and activism. Although such challenges can become barriers to the successful integration of citizen science into mainstream education systems, they also serve as signposts for possible synergies and opportunities. One of the key emerging recommendations is to align educational learning outcomes with citizen science project goals at the planning stage of the project using co-creation approaches to ensure issues of accessibility and inclusivity are paramount throughout the design and implementation of every project. Only then can citizen science realise its true potential to empower citizens to take ownership of their own science education and learning.

• Klíčová slova
• activism, learning environments, ontology and epistemology, public engagement, science communication, teachers,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The most important characteristic of old age is quality of life. With the latter various forms of activities (psychosocial and physical) are associated. Activities in elderly and old people are influenced by many factors, the most important ones being the social atmosphere (social perception of old age), the personality of the ageing and old person, his health status and economic security. To a considerable extent everybody is responsible for his own programme of active old age. Support of his individual efforts is, however, essential.

• MeSH
• činnosti denního života * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

Urokinase (uPA) plays an essential role in the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, a serine protease participating in the activation of matrixmetaloproteinases, latent elastases, growth factors and cytokines involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix elements. Together with its receptor (uPAR), tissue activator (tPA) and urokinase inhibitors (PAI-1, PAI-2, PAI-3 and protease nexin), it forms the plasminogen activator system (PAS), a component of metastatic cascade importantly contributing to the invasive growth and angiogenesis of malignant tumours. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 inhibits uPA-dependent invasiveness of some cancer cell lines. The vitronectin-PAI-1 complex inhibits migration of smooth muscle cells by binding alpha(v)beta3 integrin to vitronectin. PAI-1 or its deficiency interferes with signalling pathways such as PI3K/Akt and JAK/STAT and it is included in the processes of maintaining the integrity of the endothelial cells and thereby regulation of cell death. PAI-1 affects apoptosis by reducing cell adhesion and functioning of intracellular signalling pathways. The individual components of PAS undoubtedly play an important role in angiogenesis and metastasising of malignant tumours. In the near future, results of published studies with various types of cancer could be reflected in diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms and, at the same time, could serve as the goal for targeted therapies.

• MeSH
• aktivátor plasminogenu urokinasového typu fyziologie   MeSH
• aktivátory plazminogenu fyziologie   MeSH
• fibrinolýza fyziologie   MeSH
• inhibitor aktivátoru plazminogenu 1 fyziologie   MeSH
• inhibitor aktivátoru plazminogenu 2 MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aktivátor plasminogenu urokinasového typu MeSH
• aktivátory plazminogenu MeSH
• inhibitor aktivátoru plazminogenu 1 MeSH
• inhibitor aktivátoru plazminogenu 2 MeSH

• MeSH
• aktivátor plasminogenu urokinasového typu metabolismus   MeSH
• aktivátory plazminogenu metabolismus   MeSH
• endopeptidasy metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protrombin metabolismus   MeSH
• tkáňový faktor metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aktivátor plasminogenu urokinasového typu MeSH
• aktivátory plazminogenu MeSH
• endopeptidasy MeSH
• protrombin MeSH
• tkáňový faktor MeSH

Several plasminogen activators (PAs) have been found effective in treating different thromboembolic diseases. However, administration of conventional thrombolytic therapy is limited by a low efficacy of present formulations of PAs. Conventional treatments using these therapeutic proteins are associated with several limitations including rapid inactivation and clearance, short half-life, bleeding complications or non-specific tissue targeting. Liposome-based formulations of PAs such as streptokinase, tissue-plasminogen activator and urokinase have been developed to improve the therapeutic efficacy of these proteins. Resulting liposomal formulations were found to preserve the original activity of PAs, promote their selective delivery and improve thrombus targeting. Therapeutic potential of these liposome-based PAs has been demonstrated successfully in various pre-clinical models in vivo. Reductions in unwanted side effects (e.g., hemorrhage or immunogenicity) as well as enhancements of efficacy and safety were achieved in comparison to currently existing treatment options based on conventional formulations of PAs. This review summarizes present achievements in: (i) preparation of liposome-based formulations of various PAs, (ii) development of PEGylated and targeted liposomal PAs, (iii) physico-chemical characterization of these developed systems, and (iv) testing of their thrombolytic efficacy. We also look to the future and the imminent arrival of theranostic liposomal formulations to move this field forward.

• Klíčová slova
• Fibrin, Liposomes, Platelets, Protein delivery, RGD peptide, Streptokinase, Stroke, Thrombus, Tissue plasminogen activator, Urokinase,
• MeSH
• aktivátor plasminogenu urokinasového typu aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• fibrinolytika aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• liposomy chemie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• metaloendopeptidasy aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• nanostruktury chemie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• plasmin aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• streptokinasa aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• tkáňový aktivátor plazminogenu aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• tromboembolie farmakoterapie   MeSH
• trombolytická terapie metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aktivátor plasminogenu urokinasového typu MeSH
• auR protein, Staphylococcus aureus MeSH Prohlížeč
• fibrinolytika MeSH
• liposomy MeSH
• metaloendopeptidasy MeSH
• plasmin MeSH
• streptokinasa MeSH
• tkáňový aktivátor plazminogenu MeSH

• MeSH
• činnosti denního života MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• fyziologie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohyb MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• aktivační analýza metody   MeSH
• neutronová aktivační analýza metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

tPA has been the independent risk factor of the thrombosis associated with atherosclerosis. There are increased tPA levels in type 1 diabetic patients with vascular complications and tPA is endothelial injury marker in this case. In type 2 diabetes mellitus elevated tPA antigen levels in early disease stage are caused by increased production of complexes with inhibitor (PAI-1) and tPA or fibrinolytic activity has been decreased.

• MeSH
• cévní endotel metabolismus   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus krev   patofyziologie   MeSH
• diabetické angiopatie krev   patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• tkáňový aktivátor plazminogenu metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• tkáňový aktivátor plazminogenu MeSH

In vivo, resumption of oocyte meiosis occurs in large ovarian follicles after the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH). The LH surge leads to the activation of a broad signaling network in mural granulosa cells equipped with LH receptors. The signals generated in the mural granulosa cells are further augmented by locally produced peptides or steroids and transferred to the cumulus cell compartment and the oocyte itself. Over the last decade, essential progress has been made in the identification of molecular events associated with the final maturation and ovulation of mammalian oocytes. All new evidence argues for a multiple roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/1 (MAPK3/1) in the gonadotropin-induced ovulation processes. However, the knowledge of gonadotropin-induced signaling pathways leading to MAPK3/1 activation in follicular cells seems limited. To date, only the LH-induced transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor/MAPK3/1 pathway has been described in granulosa/cumulus cells even though other mechanisms of MAPK3/1 activation have been detected in other types of cells. In this review, we aimed to summarize recent advances in the elucidation of gonadotropin-induced mechanisms leading to the activation of MAPK3/1 in preovulatory follicles and cultured cumulus-oocyte complexes and to point out a specific role of this kinase in the processes accompanying final maturation of the mammalian oocyte.

• MeSH
• folikulární buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• MAP kinasový signální systém genetika   MeSH
• meióza fyziologie   MeSH
• mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkinasa 1 metabolismus   MeSH
• mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkinasa 3 metabolismus   MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• myši MeSH
• oocyty fyziologie   MeSH
• steroidy biosyntéza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkinasa 1 MeSH
• mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkinasa 3 MeSH
• steroidy MeSH