chloride ions
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Chloride ion sensing is important in many fields such as clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring and industrial applications. We have measured chloride ions at a carbon paste electrode (CPE) and at a CPE modified with solid AgNO₃, a solution of AgNO₃ and/or solid silver particles. Detection limits (3 S/N) for chloride ions were 100 μM, 100 μM and 10 μM for solid AgNO₃, solution of AgNO₃ and/or solid silver particles, respectively. The CPE modified with silver particles is the most sensitive to the presence chloride ions. After that we approached to the miniaturization of the whole electrochemical instrument. Measurements were carried out on miniaturized instrument consisting of a potentiostat with dimensions 35 × 166 × 125 mm, screen printed electrodes, a peristaltic pump and a PC with control software. Under the most suitable experimental conditions (Britton-Robinson buffer, pH 1.8 and working electrode potential 550 mV) we estimated the limit of detection (3 S/N) as 500 nM.
- Klíčová slova
- Amperometry, Carbon Paste Electrode, Chloride Ions, Screen Printed Electrode, Silver, Voltammetry,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The role of sodium and its accompanying anion for the development of DOCA-salt hypertension was studied in uninephrectomized DOCA-treated weanling Wistar rats which were fed a diet containing either sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate (170 mmol/kg). The blood pressure was increased in both groups of rats with sodium overload as compared to rats fed a low-salt diet only. A decreased cardiac output and substantially elevated systemic resistance were demonstrated in both groups of rats with high sodium intake in comparison with rats kept on a low-salt diet. However, these haemodynamic changes were more pronounced in rats with sodium chloride overload than in animals with a high sodium bicarbonate intake. On the other hand, the rigidity of major arteries which was estimated as the pulse pressure/stroke volume ratio, was increased only in rats fed a diet with sodium chloride but not in rats with sodium bicarbonate overload. Thus high sodium intake was responsible for the changes of systemic resistance in DOCA-treated animals and its action was only slightly augmented by a high chloride intake. In contrast to this, the chloride overload seemed to be essential for the induction of increased arterial rigidity.
- MeSH
- cévní rezistence MeSH
- chloridy farmakologie MeSH
- deoxykortikosteron * MeSH
- hemodynamika MeSH
- hydrogenuhličitan sodný MeSH
- hydrogenuhličitany farmakologie MeSH
- hypertenze etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- inbrední kmeny potkanů MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- sodík farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chloridy MeSH
- deoxykortikosteron * MeSH
- hydrogenuhličitan sodný MeSH
- hydrogenuhličitany MeSH
- sodík MeSH
Aqueous solutions containing 200 mg/dm3 of p,p'-DDT and methoxychlor were photodegraded for 60 min in UV/TiO2/O2 system and chloride ions concentration and pH were measured. From 60 to 80% of the investigated pesticides were eliminated after treatment. Over 27% of chlorine atoms were splitted off for methoxychlor and 10% for p,p'-DDT. The experimental data suggest, that chlorine atoms were removed from the -CCl3 moiety but the chlorine atoms bound to aromatic ring were left intact at this step of photodegradation.
- MeSH
- chloridy chemie MeSH
- DDT chemie MeSH
- insekticidy chemie MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- methoxychlor chemie MeSH
- mikrosféry MeSH
- titan chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chloridy MeSH
- DDT MeSH
- insekticidy MeSH
- methoxychlor MeSH
- titan MeSH
Chloride ions are nowadays the main cause of the degradation of steel and reinforce concrete construction in the vicinity of the road. On the other hand, chloride ions, usually in the form of de-icing salts or brine, are very important for safe winter traffic on the roads. This creates a slightly schizophrenic situation where it is necessary to ensure safe traffic in the winter period and at the same time to affect the service life of the structure as little as possible. The effect of the roadway on chloride deposition is a long-studied, but still imprecisely understood, part of the effect of chloride ions on structures in the vicinity of the roadway. This paper discusses the experimental measurement of chloride deposition in the vicinity of the I/11 road in the Czech Republic by dry plate method, wet candle method and corrosion coupons. Statistical analysis of correlation and regression is performed on the results of measurements by wet candle and horizontal dry plate methods. The methods are interdependent. A detailed analysis of the surface and chemical properties of the corrosion products is performed on the corrosion coupons. Using the corrosion loss, the environmental category C2 is determined. Observation of the microclimate in the vicinity of the roads gives to engineers a basis for the correct design of structures around the roads. The conclusions of the experimental measurements are intended to help engineers to design a structure that is safe, serviceable and sufficiently resistant to chloride ions within its service life.
- Klíčová slova
- bridge, chloride, corrosion coupon, dry plate method, reinforce concrete, road, rust, steel, wet candle method,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- CHLORIDES/effects *, GASTRIC JUICE *, SULFATES/effects *, WATER SUPPLY *,
- MeSH
- chlorid sodný * MeSH
- chloridy farmakologie MeSH
- ionty * MeSH
- kuchyňská sůl * MeSH
- pitná voda * MeSH
- sírany farmakologie MeSH
- žaludeční šťáva * MeSH
- zásobování vodou * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlorid sodný * MeSH
- chloridy MeSH
- ionty * MeSH
- kuchyňská sůl * MeSH
- pitná voda * MeSH
- sírany MeSH
The ability of the DGT technique to predict Hg2+ bioavailability for input tissues (skin, gills, and scales) of common carp in the presence of chloride ions and humic acid (HA) was evaluated. The mercury accumulation by the DGT units and input tissues of carp decreased with an increasing concentration of chloride ions (29-180 mg L-1) and HA (0-5 mg L-1). In the presence of chloride ions and HA, statistically significant correlations (Pearson's correlation coefficients 0.731-0.954) were determined between the rate of mercury accumulation by input tissues of carp and the rate of mercury accumulation by the DGT units. The laboratory experiments suggest the possibility of using the DGT technique for predicting the mercury bioaccumulation in natural aquatic ecosystems instead of commonly used input tissues of fish.
- Klíčová slova
- Diffusive gradient in thin film technique, Fish tissues, Ligand, Water ecosystem,
- MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- chloridy analýza MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- huminové látky analýza MeSH
- kapři metabolismus MeSH
- kůže chemie MeSH
- metody MeSH
- rtuť analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- žábry chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- zvířecí šupiny chemie MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- chloridy MeSH
- huminové látky MeSH
- rtuť MeSH
In corrosion science, accurate determination of chloride ion deposition rates is critical to mitigating the environmental impact on structures. Traditional methods, such as the wet candle and dry plate methods (ISO 9225), are often inaccurate in capturing localized conditions and are also time-consuming and costly. The Bresle method, which measures soluble salts directly on metal surfaces, offers a more targeted approach. This article examines the Bresle method as an alternative for determining average monthly chloride ion deposition rates, including a regression analysis comparing the Bresle method with the wet candle method, and examines the long-term salinity of exposed surfaces in comparison with the additive approach to surface salinity. This paper hypothesizes that the Bresle method can be used as an alternative to the wet candle method. Linear regression analysis shows a strong correlation in chloride ion deposition rates compared to those measured by the wet candle method. However, cumulative measurements using long-term exposed coupons are unreliable due to inconsistent trends.
- Klíčová slova
- Bresle method, ISO 8502-6, ISO 8502-9, ISO 9225, deposition of chloride ions, wet candle,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In this work, using a combination of experimental design (ED) and artificial neural networks (ANN), the composition of a triethanolamine-buffered chromate electrolyte was optimised for determination of sulphate anions in the presence of high chloride excess. The optimal electrolyte, allowing a baseline-resolved separation of sulphate from chloride present in a 1500 multiple excess in less than 170 s, consists of 10 mmol/L CrO(3), 2 mmol/L hexamethonium hydroxide, 10% methanol, and triethanolamine added to adjust the pH to 8.0. The method is suitable to a wide concentration range of chloride (4-1757 mg/L) and sulphate (4-590 mg/L) with linear calibration plots (R(2) = 0.9937-0.9999). Relative standard deviations are less than 2.0% for both anions for migration times and peak areas. The detection limits (hydrodynamic injection of 1 s) were 0.6 mg/L for sulphate and 0.5 mg/L for chloride. The method was successfully applied to determination of sulphate in mineral waters containing a high chloride concentration and to determination of sulphate traces in an anticancer drug injection preparation containing a physiological level of chloride. It was shown that alpha-cyclodextrin as an electrolyte additive has a significant potential for further increasing the separation selectivity for inorganic anions.
Arsenic compounds are carcinogenic to humans and are typically removed from contaminated water using various sorbents. The ionic composition plays a significant role in arsenate removal efficiency during the process of water remediation. Here, we quantify the effects of natural ions (chlorides, nitrates, carbonates, sulfates, and phosphates) and humic acid on the removal of arsenates by ferrate(VI) at pH = 6.6. In the experiments, the initial concentration of arsenates was 10 mg L-1 (as As) and the concentrations of ions varied in the range from 5 to 100 mg L-1 of element in ionic form and humic acid. The achieved results show that only phosphate ions had principle influence on the efficiency of arsenate removal by ferrate(VI). The effect of phosphates was elucidated by applying transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and low temperature in-field 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy to solid samples, prepared under different weight ratios of ferrate(VI), arsenates, and phosphates. These results show three crucial effects of phosphates on the arsenate removal mechanisms. At low P:As weight ratio (up to 1:1), the incorporation of arsenate ions into the crystalline structure of γ-Fe2O3/γ-FeOOH nanoparticles was found to be suppressed by the presence of phosphates. Thus, arsenates were mainly adsorbed onto the surface of γ-Fe2O3/γ-FeOOH nanoparticles. Further increase in the P:As weight ratio (more than 1:1) resulted in the competition between arsenates and phosphates sorption. With the increased concentration of phosphate ions, the number of arsenates on the surface of γ-Fe2O3/γ-FeOOH nanoparticles was reduced. Finally, the complexation of iron(III) ions with phosphate ions occurred, leading to a decrease in the arsenates removal efficiency, which resulted from a lower content of precipitated γ-Fe2O3/γ-FeOOH nanoparticles. All these aspects need to be considered prior to application of ferrate(VI) for arsenates removal in real natural waters.
- Klíčová slova
- Arsenates, Fe(VI), Natural ions, Oxidation, Phosphates, Reaction mechanism, Water treatment,
- MeSH
- adsorpce MeSH
- arseničnany chemie MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu chemie MeSH
- chloridy chemie MeSH
- čištění vody metody MeSH
- dusičnany chemie MeSH
- fosfáty chemie MeSH
- huminové látky * MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- sírany chemie MeSH
- spektroskopie Mossbauerova MeSH
- uhličitany chemie MeSH
- železité sloučeniny chemie MeSH
- železo chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- arseničnany MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- chloridy MeSH
- dusičnany MeSH
- ferrate ion MeSH Prohlížeč
- ferric oxide MeSH Prohlížeč
- fosfáty MeSH
- huminové látky * MeSH
- sírany MeSH
- uhličitany MeSH
- železité sloučeniny MeSH
- železo MeSH
Chloride Intracellular Channel (CLIC) family members uniquely transition between soluble and membrane-associated conformations. Despite decades of extensive functional and structural studies, CLICs' function as ion channels remains debated, rendering our understanding of their physiological role incomplete. Here, we expose the function of CLIC5 as a fusogen. We demonstrate that purified CLIC5 directly interacts with the membrane and induces fusion, as reflected by increased liposomal diameter and lipid and content mixing between liposomes. Moreover, we show that this activity is facilitated by acidic pH, a known trigger for CLICs' transition to a membrane-associated conformation, and that increased exposure of the hydrophobic inter-domain interface is crucial for this process. Finally, mutation of a conserved hydrophobic interfacial residue diminishes the fusogenic activity of CLIC5 in vitro and impairs excretory canal extension in C. elegans in vivo. Together, our results unravel the long-sought physiological role of these enigmatic proteins.
- MeSH
- Caenorhabditis elegans * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- chloridové kanály metabolismus MeSH
- chloridy * metabolismus MeSH
- liposomy MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chloridové kanály MeSH
- chloridy * MeSH
- liposomy MeSH
